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This book is devoted to understanding the distribution of sexual systems (simultaneous hermaphroditism, sequential hermaphroditism, environmental sex determination, dioecy, androdioecy, etc.) among taxa which remains a major challenge for evolutionary biology.

Primary sexual traits, those structures and processes directly involved in reproduction, are some of the most diverse, specialized, and bizarre in the animal kingdom. Moreover, reproductive traits are often species-specific, suggesting that they evolved very rapidly. This diversity, long the province of taxonomists, has recently attracted broader interest from evolutionary biologists, especially those interested in sexual selection and the evolution of reproductive strategies.

Primary sexual characters were long assumed to be the product of natural selection, exclusively. A recent...

When America was in its formative years, Franklin County was a frontier resting in the heart of the Cumberland Valley. Scots-Irish, German, and other immigrants moved into the area, some settling in Franklin County and others moving on to settle in areas farther west and south. On September 9, 1784, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania established Franklin County as its 14th county. Franklin County has a considerable amount of villages and hamlets close to the main communities of Chambersburg, Greencastle, Mercersburg, Shippensburg, and Waynesboro. From photographs of a railroad tycoon's festive...

Generations of people have long been drawn to Chambersburg due to its location. In 1734, Scots-Irish immigrant Benjamin Chambers recognized the vegetation and powerful waters here, and he chose the Connococheague Creek and the Falling Spring as the location for his grain mill. Chambersburg has since served as a focal point of transportation as a result of its location at the crossroads of the historic Lincoln Highway and Route 11. Chambersburg journeys back to witness events such as the devastation of the Confederate burning of 1864, the creation of the majestic square and Memorial Fountain,...