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I. Introduction Early estimatiOons Oof pH values in plant cells were based UPOon determina tiOons Oof the electrOomOotive fOorce (EMF) develOoped between a standard hydrOo gen electrOode and the fluid expressed frOom crushed tissues Oor liberated by cutting large algal cells such as thOose Oof Valonia, Chara Oor Nitella. These EMF values were then translated intOo terms Oof hydrQgen iOon CQncentratiQn Qn the assumptiQn that the numerical value Qf the EMF in VOolts depended entirely UPOon the cOoncentratiOon Qf hydrOogen iQns. Then hydrQgen iQn COoncentratiOon measured in this way was fQund...

The failures of electronic controls, which can cause loss of life and property, are discussed from the perspective of both the design and manufacturing functions and clarified for the responsible forensic team. Many pitfalls of the fast-paced product introduction environment for industrial and consumer products are discussed to help minimize the number of electronic control fires and other menacing events of today.
The author clearly links the design, manufacturing and forensic technical communities in the development of electronic control devices, which include a wide array of products,...

We are in the midst of a digital revolution - until recently, the majority of appliances used in everyday life have been developed with analogue technology. Now, either at home or out and about, we are surrounded by digital technology such as digital "film," audio systems, computers and telephones.

From the late 1940s until the 1970s, analogue technology was a genuine alternative to digital, and the two competing technologies ran parallel with each other. During this period, a community of engineers, scientists, academics and businessmen continued to develop and promote the analogue...

We are in the midst of a digital revolution - until recently, the majority of appliances used in everyday life have been developed with analogue technology. Now, either at home or out and about, we are surrounded by digital technology such as digital "film," audio systems, computers and telephones.

From the late 1940s until the 1970s, analogue technology was a genuine alternative to digital, and the two competing technologies ran parallel with each other. During this period, a community of engineers, scientists, academics and businessmen continued to develop and promote the analogue...

How did people read in the past? Where, when, and why did they read? And what did they think readers and reading were for? Drawing on fields as diverse as medieval pedagogy, textual bibliography, history of science, social and literary history, this collection of essays highlights the cultural conventions involved in reading, and explores personal reading experiences. The Practice and Representation of Reading in England constitutes a major addition to our understanding of the history of readers and reading.

How did people read in the past? Where, when, and why did they read? And what did they think readers and reading were for? Drawing on fields as diverse as medieval pedagogy, textual bibliography, history of science, social and literary history, this collection of essays highlights the cultural conventions involved in reading, and explores personal reading experiences. The Practice and Representation of Reading in England constitutes a major addition to our understanding of the history of readers and reading.