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This book was conceived many years ago as an abstract goal for a father-son team when the father was working in university administration and the son was just getting into the academic business. Eventually, the father returned to the laboratory, the son began to get his feet on the ground, and the goal became concrete. Now the work is finished, and our book enters the literature as, we hope, a valuable contribution to understanding the terribly complex and subtle problem of the neuro- biology of motivated behaviors. We would also like the book to stand as a personal mark of a cooperative...

The book addresses the issue of how college and university education can be made more impactful by incorporating a variety of experiential education activities and how this approach is natural given what we know today about how the brain works at multiple levels from modern brain scanners. The key point is that the brain operates on conscious and unconscious decision-making levels and that the latter is under appreciated in higher education but is well-suited to learning from direct experience in complement to the academic curriculum. Classic among these experiential activities is an...

This seventh volume, divided into four parts, addresses the biological determinates of reinforcement and memory. Covers topics in electrical brain stimulation, drugs and reinforcement, and cellular mechanisms.