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Wastewater is commonly utilized for agricultural lands in India and countries in arid and semi-arid areas; or disposed into fresh water streams, which again can be used for agricultural purposes. Although this treatment generally increases crop production, however, it results in the accumulation of toxic substances in soil and in the crop as sewage is usually contaminated with pollutants such as heavy metals and polychlorinated substances from domestic and industrial wastes that enter into the sewer system. Industrial and agricultural activities have led to a substantial release of toxic...

Pakistan is confronting sloppy challenges and policy dilemmas for tracing the pathways out of poverty. Contrary to the traditional practice of addressing poverty as stock concept, this book has simultaneously addressed poverty both as stock and flow concept and also logically stitched together all the relevant issues in micro and macro contours across geographic regions and time. Results demonstrated that rural poverty is not only more than twice of the poverty in urban areas but its proportionate contribution to overall poverty increased gradually. Across different regions in the country,...