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Between 1870 and 1940, life expectancy in the United States skyrocketed while the percentage of senior citizens age sixty-five and older more than doubled a phenomenon owed largely to innovations in medicine and public health. At the same time, the Great Depression was a major tipping point for age discrimination and poverty in the West: seniors were living longer and retiring earlier, but without adequate means to support themselves and their families. The economic disaster of the 1930s alerted scientists, who were actively researching the processes of aging, to the profound social...

Many historical accounts have described Burnet's theoretical prediction of immunological 'tolerance' and its experimental confirmation by Medawar as a momentous achievement in immunology. This book examines their distinct research pathways.