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God is not free to act; He is bound by human ethics. To be just, He must create an individual of perfect intellect and infallible morality. People are obligated to submit to this person; otherwise eternal damnation awaits them.

While these claims may be interpreted as an affront to God's power, an insult to human judgment and a justification for despotism, Shi'i Muslims in the eleventh century eagerly adopted them in their attempts to forge a 'rational' religious discourse. They utilized everything from literary studies and political theory to natural philosophy and metaphysical...

A study of a little-known author al-Shar?f al-Murta?? whose views are still a major influence for Shi?i Muslims.