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Electrokinetics is currently the mechanism of choice for fluid actuation and bioparticle manipulation at microscale and nanoscale dimensions. There has recently been widespread interest in the use of AC electric fields, given the many advantages it offers over DC electrokinetics. Nevertheless, a fundamental understanding of the governing mechanisms underlying the complex and nonlinear physicochemical hydrodynamics associated with these systems is required before practical microfluidic and nanofluidic devices can be engineered. This text aims to provide a comprehensive treatise on both...

This study focused on the biosensing detection of liver function biomarkers: alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). The proposed biosensor technology was clinically useful tool for potential point-of-care screening of liver status. Electrochemical sensing techniques, and screen printing fabrication promised a large-scaled production of portable sensor prototype in a cost-effective way.Furthermore, the sensor operation was easy-used for a rapid detection. Also, incorporating nano-catalyst into sensor design allowed a selective performance, especially on the...

Terns usually will aggregate in the same reproduction area during breeding season.The color pattern of eggs may match the background, and it is important for breeding adults to distinguish their own eggs, especially in colonies with high density. This research was carried out at Penghu of Taiwan.In conclusion, terns have low ability of egg recognition but high ability of nest recognition.Terns presumably can recognize nests with the nearby environmental landmarks, but not be able to recognize eggs.