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In the market of wireless communication, high data-rate transmission and high spectral efficiency have been the trend. The IEEE 802.11 a/g standards working at 5GHz/2.4GHz ISM bands can support data rate up to 54Mbits/s using OFDM modulation. The newly proposed 802.11n technology now uses 64-QAM to achieve higher spectral efficiency. The DVB and many other systems will also use QAM for its data transmission.

The cost of achieving this higher spectral efficiency using higher order QAM is that the transmitter and receiver requires a higher signal to noise ratio (SNR) with the same...

In the market of wireless communication, high data-rate transmission and high spectral efficiency have been the trend. The IEEE 802.11 a/g standards working at 5GHz/2.4GHz ISM bands can support data rate up to 54Mbits/s using OFDM modulation. The newly proposed 802.11n technology now uses 64-QAM to achieve higher spectral efficiency. The DVB and many other systems will also use QAM for its data transmission.

The cost of achieving this higher spectral efficiency using higher order QAM is that the transmitter and receiver requires a higher signal to noise ratio (SNR) with the same...

This volume addresses fundamental issues in the philosophy of science in the context of two most intriguing fields: biology and economics. Written by authorities and experts in the philosophy of biology and economics, Mechanism and Causality in Biology and Economics provides a structured study of the concepts of mechanism and causality in these disciplines and draws careful juxtapositions between philosophical apparatus and scientific practice. By exploring the issues that are most salient to the contemporary philosophies of biology and economics and by presenting comparative...