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This report examines the role of incentives, trust, and engagement as critical determinants of service delivery performance in MENA countries. Focusing on education and health, the report illustrates how the weak external and internal accountability undermines policy implementation and service delivery performance and how such a cycle of poor performance can be counteracted. Case studies of local success reveal the importance of both formal and informal accountability relationships and the role of local leadership in inspiring and institutionalizing incentives toward better service delivery...

Governments at risk are facing major fiscal challenges as a result of their contingent liabilities. Contingent liabilities dubbed 'hidden deficits' account for a large share of the rise in government debt and tend to remain outside the framework of conventional public financial analysis and institutions. In many countries, the reality or prospect of unbudgeted fiscal risks coming due has been a wake-up call to extend fiscal management beyond the budgetary framework. This book offers practical guidance to governments seeking to improve the management of fiscal risks. It explores difficult...

Properly used tax expenditures can play an important role in implementing countries' economic and social policies. But they often go unnoticed because they take many forms of revenue forgone, from tax exemptions to tax credits. Without subjecting tax expenditures to the same scrutiny most countries apply to the spending sides of their budgets it is impossible to know the cost and efficiency of tax expenditures or whether they might be better allocated. 'Tax Expenditure Shedding Light on Government Spending Through the Tax System' discusses conceptual and methodological issues relating to tax...