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This book introduces cooperative spectrum sensing using OSTBC in order to achieve cooperative diversity in cognitive radio networks. Transmit diversity or gain is achieved by using cognitive relays between primary and cognitive controller. The signals received from the primary users are amplied by the cognitive relays and further forwarded to the cognitive controller where decisions are made on the basis of the information collected from each cognitive relay. The cooperative relaying protocol used here in cognitive relays is based on an amplifying-forward scheme. The energy detector ...

The waste water generated from Quaid-e-Azam industries is discharged through a network of sewers which transport effluent directly from industries to main industrial drain to Sattu Katla drain. It is surrounded by areas like Township, Model town, Greentown, and villages like Thatta Village and Bihar Colony number 2. These and other surrounding areas are faced with a lot of environmental issues like air pollution, noise pollution, waste water issues etc. The aim of the study was to assess physical and chemical properties of ground water in Township sector A-2. Absorbance, Dissolved oxygen,...