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Liquid transportation through pipelines is one of the power consuming sectors in the oil and gas industries due to the energy losses during flow. Thus, improving the flow in pipelines has become one of the important and strategic needs in modern industrial applications. The energy losses are mainly attributed to drag. The word (drag) may be defined as the resistance force parallel to the direction of fluid flowing over a solid surface. Drag force may be expressed by two components: "skin friction component" which is equal to the stream wise component of all shearing stresses over the surface,...

The extensive applications of organophosphorous herbicides are nowadays integral part of modern agrotechnical methods due to their advantages for weeds control. Herbicides may negatively or positively interact with soil microorganisms and consequently reduce or increase their beneficial effects on soil fertility. The effect of herbicides on soil microorganisms varies with chemical composition and the susceptibility of different microorganisms. The observed increased biodegradation of pesticides after repeated application is due to the selection of pesticide degrading microorganisms....