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Diabetes mellitus (D.M.) is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. The chronic hyperglycemia of diabetes is associated with long-term damage, dysfunction, and failure of various organs, especially the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and blood vessels. Because of the distribution of diabetes mellitus and the little studies that concerns by subjects suffer from diabetes mellitus especially type 2 in Iraq, we went to study some of physiological and biochemical changes in patients with type 2 diabetes...

This guide deals with how to establish a lab facility that contain the most important devices that correlated with genes from DNA isolation into the most sophisticated analysis that genes must to be submitted to. This handbook aims to introduce everybody who has any degree of interest in this subject into a way of constructing any platform that deals with genes. Undoubtedly, when any person reviews the instruments of such specific field, he gets a lot of benefits in his practical profession. Though in all ten chapters of this handbook the general scheme has instrumentation aspect, the basic...

The contents of this textbook are distributed on eleven chapters, which containing more than 250 figures. In which, the chemical structure of nucleic acids, the way of their packaging, the concept of the genes that formed as a result of the specialized arrangements of these nucleotides were discussed. Then, the mode of genes replication, transcription, translation, and the control of their expression were explained as well. Moreover, the means through which the genetic material can be transferred naturally among bacterial cells was discussed and made as an introduction to know the scientific...