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The beginning of the new millennium is sure to bring about many drastic changes in the life of mankind. One of them is going to be the shift towards natural dyes and their efficient usage compared to their synthetic counterpart which has been slowly losing, mainly due to international awareness to environment and ecology preservation. The natural dyes which are non-pollutant appear as an ideal choice as they are non-toxic and their handling is easy. The saving of time and energy is obviously of interest to the textile industry, microwave as new technique allows the usage of less energy in...

The consumption of heat is usually encountered during many textile processes; namely drying, dye fixation, and finishing. Heat can be transferred to material by radiation, conduction, and convection. These three ways of transferring heat can be used either separately or in combination. Saving of time, energy and chemicals is of immediate interest to textile industry. The introduction of a new, economically-feasible, and ecologically alternative technique of heating in textile wet processing is of prime importance to reduce the consumption of energy, time and materials. Microwave is a very...

Infectious diseases caused by microorganisms for getting their nutrition, where the plant called the host and pathogenic organism called a pathogen or parasite, such as fungi, bacteria, virus and nematodes e.g. fungal wilts, bacterial leaf blight, streak mosaic virus and nematode root-knot diseases, respectively. These species can survive for many years in the absence of a host plant by forming persistent structures such as microsclerotia. Therefore, the dependence on a single method or a single chemical for controlling plant pathogens should be avoided because of high cost; development of...

The use of microwave energy for processing materials has the potential to offer many advantages in reduced processing times and energy savings. In conventional thermal processing, energy is transferred to the material through convection, conduction, and radiation of heat from the surfaces of the material. In contrast, microwave energy is delivered directly to materials through molecular interaction with the electromagnetic field. In heat transfer, energy is transferred due to thermal gradients, but microwave heating is the transfer of electromagnetic energy to thermal energy and is energy...