ISBN-13: 9781119755890 / Angielski / Twarda / 2021 / 352 str.
ISBN-13: 9781119755890 / Angielski / Twarda / 2021 / 352 str.
Preface xiiiForeword by Marc-Olivier Coppens xvForeword by Umit S. Ozkan xviiAbout the Authors and Acknowledgments xixList of Symbols xxiAbout the Companion Website xxvii1 Rate Concept and Species Conservation Equations in Reactors 11.1 Reaction Rates of Species in Chemical Conversions 11.2 Rate of a Chemical Change 31.3 Chemical Reactors and Conservation of Species 61.4 Flow Reactors and the Reaction Rate Relations 81.5 Comparison of Perfectly Mixed Flow and Batch Reactors 91.6 Ideal Tubular Flow Reactor 101.7 Stoichiometric Relations Between Reacting Species 131.7.1 Batch Reactor Analysis 131.7.2 Steady-Flow Analysis for a CSTR 131.7.3 Unsteady Perfectly Mixed-Flow Reactor Analysis 14Problems and Questions 15References 182 Reversible Reactions and Chemical Equilibrium 192.1 Equilibrium and Reaction Rate Relations 192.2 Thermodynamics of Chemical Reactions 212.3 Different Forms of Equilibrium Constant 232.4 Temperature Dependence of Equilibrium Constant and Equilibrium Calculations 25Problems and Questions 33References 343 Chemical Kinetics and Analysis of Batch Reactors 353.1 Kinetics and Mechanisms of Homogeneous Reactions 353.2 Batch Reactor Data Analysis 393.2.1 Integral Method of Analysis 413.2.1.1 First-Order Reaction 413.2.1.2 nth-Order Reaction and Method of Half-Lives 433.2.1.3 Overall Second-Order Reaction Between Reactants A and B 443.2.1.4 Second-Order Autocatalytic Reactions 483.2.1.5 Zeroth-Order Dependence of Reaction Rate on Concentrations 503.2.1.6 Data Analysis for a Reversible Reaction 513.2.2 Differential Method of Data Analysis 523.3 Changes in Total Pressure or Volume in Gas-Phase Reactions 54Problems and Questions 56References 614 Ideal-Flow Reactors: CSTR and Plug-Flow Reactor Models 634.1 CSTR Model 634.1.1 CSTR Data Analysis 674.2 Analysis of Ideal Plug-Flow Reactor 694.3 Comparison of Performances of CSTR and Ideal Plug-Flow Reactors 714.4 Equilibrium and Rate Limitations in Ideal-Flow Reactors 724.5 Unsteady Operation of Reactors 764.5.1 Unsteady Operation of a Constant Volume Stirred-Tank Reactor 764.5.2 Semi-batch Reactors 774.6 Analysis of a CSTR with a Complex Rate Expression 79Problems and Questions 81References 855 Multiple Reactor Systems 875.1 Multiple CSTRs Operating in Series 875.1.1 Graphical Method for Multiple CSTRs 915.2 Multiple Plug-Flow Reactors Operating in Series 935.3 CSTR and Plug-Flow Reactor Combinations 94Problems and Questions 96References 986 Multiple Reaction Systems 996.1 Selectivity and Yield Definitions 1006.2 Selectivity Relations for Ideal Flow Reactors 1016.3 Design of Ideal Reactors and Product Distributions for Multiple Reaction Systems 1046.3.1 Parallel Reactions 1046.3.2 Consecutive Reactions 110Problems and Questions 113References 1167 Heat Effects and Non-isothermal Reactor Design 1177.1 Heat Effects in a Stirred-Tank Reactor 1187.2 Steady-State Multiplicity in a CSTR 1217.3 One-Dimensional Energy Balance for a Tubular Reactor 1267.4 Heat Effects in Multiple Reaction Systems 1317.4.1 Heat Effects in a CSTR with Parallel Reactions 1317.4.2 Heat Effects in a CSTR with Consecutive Reactions 1327.4.3 Energy Balance for a Plug-Flow Reactor with Multiple Reactions 1337.5 Heat Effects in Multiple Reactors and Reversible Reactions 1337.5.1 Temperature Selection and Multiple Reactor Combinations 1337.5.1.1 Endothermic-Reversible Reactions in a Multi-stage Reactor System 1417.5.2 Cold Injection Between Reactors 1477.5.3 Heat-Exchanger Reactors 149Problems and Questions 150Case Studies 154References 1608 Deviations from Ideal Reactor Performance 1618.1 Residence Time Distributions in Flow Reactors 1618.2 General Species Conservation Equation in a Reactor 1638.3 Laminar Flow Reactor Model 1668.4 Dispersion Model for a Tubular Reactor 1688.5 Prediction of Axial Dispersion Coefficient 1728.6 Evaluation of Dispersion Coefficient by Moment Analysis 1748.7 Radial Temperature Variations in Tubular Reactors 1758.8 A Criterion for the Negligible Effect of Radial Temperature Variations on the Reaction Rate 1778.9 Effect of L/dt Ratio on the Performance of a Tubular Reactor and Pressure Drop 179Problems and Questions 180Exercises 181References 1829 Fixed-Bed Reactors and Interphase Transport Effects 1859.1 Solid-Catalyzed Reactions and Transport Effects within Reactors 1859.2 Observed Reaction Rate and Fixed-Bed Reactors 1879.3 Significance of Film Mass Transfer Resistance in Catalytic Reactions 1899.4 Tubular Reactors with Catalytic Walls 1919.4.1 One-Dimensional Model 1929.4.2 Two-Dimensional Model 1939.5 Modeling of a Non-isothermal Fixed-Bed Reactor 1949.6 Steady-State Multiplicity on the Surface of a Catalyst Pellet 196Exercises 197References 19810 Transport Effects and Effectiveness Factor for Reactions in Porous Catalysts 19910.1 Effectiveness Factor Expressions in an Isothermal Catalyst Pellet 19910.2 Observed Activation Energy and Observed Reaction Order 20510.3 Effectiveness Factor in the Presence of Pore-Diffusion and Film Mass Transfer Resistances 20810.4 Thermal Effects in Porous Catalyst Pellets 21010.5 Interphase and Intrapellet Temperature Gradients for Catalyst Pellets 21510.6 Pore Structure Optimization and Effectiveness Factor Analysis for Catalysts with Bi-modal Pore-Size Distributions 21710.7 Criteria for Negligible Transport Effects in Catalytic Reactions 22110.7.1 Criteria for Negligible Diffusion and Heat Effects on the Observed Rate of Solid-Catalyzed Reactions 22110.7.2 Relative Importance of Concentration and Temperature Gradients in Catalyst Pellets 22210.7.3 Intrapellet and External Film Transport Limitations 22510.7.4 A Criterion for Negligible Diffusion Resistance in Bidisperse Catalyst Pellets 22510.8 Transport Effects on Product Selectivities in Catalytic Reactions 22610.8.1 Film Mass Transfer Effect 22610.8.2 Pore-Diffusion Effect 227Problems and Questions 228Exercises 229References 23311 Introduction to Catalysis and Catalytic Reaction Mechanisms 23511.1 Basic Concepts in Heterogeneous Catalysis 23511.2 Surface Reaction Mechanisms 23711.3 Adsorption Isotherms 24111.4 Deactivation of Solid Catalysts 244Exercises 246References 24612 Diffusion in Porous Catalysts 24712.1 Diffusion in a Capillary 24712.2 Effective Diffusivities in Porous Solids 25112.3 Surface Diffusion 25212.4 Models for the Prediction of Effective Diffusivities 25312.4.1 Random Pore Model 25312.4.2 Grain Model 25412.5 Diffusion and Flow in Porous Solids 25412.6 Experimental Methods for the Evaluation of Effective Diffusion Coefficients 25512.6.1 Steady-State Methods 25512.6.2 Dynamic Methods 25612.6.3 Single-Pellet Moment Method 257Exercises 259References 25913 Process Intensification and Multifunctional Reactors 26113.1 Membrane Reactors 26213.1.1 Modeling of a Membrane Reactor 26313.1.2 General Conservation Equations and Heat Effects in a Membrane Reactor 26513.2 Reactive Distillation 26613.2.1 Equilibrium-Stage Model 26713.2.2 A Rate-Based Model for a Continuous Reactive Distillation Column 26913.3 Sorption-Enhanced Reaction Process 27013.4 Monolithic and Microchannel Reactors 27513.4.1 Microchannel Reactors 27813.5 Chromatographic Reactors 27913.6 Alternative Energy Sources for Chemical Processing 27913.6.1 Microwave-Assisted Chemical Conversions 28013.6.2 Ultrasound Reactors 28213.6.3 Solar Energy for Chemical Conversion 282References 28314 Multiphase Reactors 28514.1 Slurry Reactors 28514.2 Trickle-Bed Reactors 28914.3 Fluidized-Bed Reactors 290References 29415 Kinetics and Modeling of Non-catalytic Gas-Solid Reactions 29515.1 Unreacted-Core Model 29615.2 Deactivation and Structural Models for Gas-Solid Reactions 29915.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition Reactors 302Exercises 305References 307Appendix A Some Constants of Nature 309Appendix B Conversion Factors 311Appendix C Dimensionless Groups and Parameters 313Index 315
Timur DogØu, PhD, is a Professor at the Middle East Technical University. He received his doctorate from the University of California at Davis. His research is focused on reaction engineering, heterogeneous catalysis, environmental catalysis, synthesis of nanostructured mesoporous materials, transport phenomena effects on reaction rates, and process intensification.Güls¸en DogØu, PhD, is a Professor at Gazi University. She received her doctorate from the University of California at Davis. Her research focuses on environmentally clean processes, diffusion and reaction in porous media, catalyst development and alternative fuels.
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