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Dostoevsky's dictum that when God is dead everything is permitted can have several meanings. It can refer to the behavior of individuals suggesting that someone who is or becomes an unbeliever will conduct himself immorally. Alternatively, the saying can pertain to the moral character of an entire country and mean a society that rejects God is doomed to moral decay. Guenter Lewy presents a few of the major arguments of those who question the relationship between morality and religion, and examines the case for the continuing dependence of morality upon religion.

Beginning with...

In Harmful and...

The author critically confronts those social scientists who assert that elite classes in capitalist countries use the media and the education system to manipulate the proletariat thus perpetuate their own power. He offers a balanced yet determined defense of rationality and pluralism through detailed analysis of the theory of false consciousness-a notion that people under capitalism do not know their best interests-in the writings of nineteenth century Marxism, modern communism, and the New Left. Lewy documents Soviet and Chinese brainwashing efforts to eradicate dangerous political ideas...

In this book, Guenter Lewy explains and critiques the idea of false consciousness--that people living under capitalism do not know their best interests. This idea was prevalent in the writings of nineteenth century Marxism, modern communism, and the New Left. Lewy applies what German scholars call Ideologiekritik to the Marxian concept of ideology or false consciousness itself, to demystify the concept of mystification. He also presents an account of the historical development of the concept, and the dangers of its application in society.

Belief in false consciousness inspired many...