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Evidence-based medicine is a concept that has come to the fore in the past few years. Clinicians are increasingly encouraged to practise patient management based on available evidence in the scientific literature. For example, new pharmacological therapies are only used when large randomized trials have 'proven' that a particular drug is better than existing ones. This is also the case in surgical specialties, although surgery has traditionally seen a lack of use of this information, with individual surgeon's preferences being most influential in treatment choices. However, more recently,...

Autonomic surgery is an important and expanding field within contemporary clinical practice. Surgical therapies influencing the autonomic nervous system have historically entailed disabling various components of its network by injurious methods. More sophisticated techniques have now emerged to allow modulation of neural function by electrical implants or by preservative surgery. This has fuelled the expansion in this field as safer therapies with greater scope for patient benefit have become available. As the potential for precise neural manipulation has advanced, so has the number and...