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Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation is a common practice implemented to enhance the range of motion throughout the neurological and musculoskeletal aspect of the body, though little research has been performed to evaluate theories behind it. The aim of this manuscript is to evaluate possible mechanisms, proposed theories, physiological effects and techniques that fall within its scope. The manuscript incorporates various maneuvers implemented within this technique that aim to imitate the effects of facilitation in order to increase the response of neuromuscular mechanism, various types...

Interferential therapy is the transcutaneous application of alternating medium frequency electrical currents, amplitude modulated at low frequency for therapeutic procedures. It is an electrotherapeutic modality implemented to attain various therapeutic benefits for instance: drug delivery, pain reduction etc. The high frequency modality operates by interfering two low frequency currents and producing a medium frequency current that mimics the physiological effects of the low frequency currents but is not at all discomfort able than its counterpart. The main objective of this review...

Physical therapists and physicians often treat patients with locally musculoskeletal inflammation using topically applied steroids and Non Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and use of ultrasound, there is a paucity of research confirming that Phonophoresis significantly enhances drug diffusion. The purpose of this study was to determine if ultrasound enhances the diffusion of transdermal applied NSAID's. This study aims to study the effectiveness of Diclofenac vi's-a-vis Piroxicam gels, applied transdermal using phonophoresis technique, in treating delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) induced...