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San Gabriel del Yunge Oweenge was not only the first European settlement in the Territory now known as New Mexico but it was also the first capital of that area. It happened in 1598, a coming together of two diverse cultures. How did it all work out? Some of the answers were found in a 1984 conference held at San Juan Pueblo, New Mexico. A group of historians, anthropologists, archaeologists, writers and Pueblo leaders gathered to discuss the immediate and long-term consequences of that settlement. In particular, they looked at the historical and cultural effects on both sides. The...

How did ancient Pueblo Indian farmers survive in the American Southwest when drought all but prevented agriculture? In 1971, archaeological research began on one of these commonly hypothesized but least actually known survival strategies. The area: Northern New Mexico; the people: one of the least studied, those of the Gallina culture; the time: the 1200s when extended drought drove people south out of Mesa Verde, Chaco and the Four Corners area (southwestern corner of Colorado, southeastern corner of Utah, northeastern corner of Arizona, and northwestern corner of New Mexico) in general...

In 1598, the Spanish conquistador, Don Juan de Onate, founded the first capital of New Mexico in an old Indian settlement on the west bank of the Rio Grande river. This colony and others prospered until, years later the Indians revolted, destroying this village which was then lost for centuries. But, in 1959, Florence Hawley Ellis, a famous pioneer anthropologist, was asked by San Juan Indian Pueblo to excavate a ruin on their reservation, an unheard of request as Pueblos usually denied permission for excavations on their lands. A badly corroded Spanish archer's helmet had been found by an...