The Pharmacology of Psychotherapeutic Drugs

ISBN-13: 9780387900094 / Angielski / Miękka / 1969 / 158 str.

Franz T. V. Brucke; Oleh Hornykiewicz; Ernest B. Sigg

Opis

According to Roth (1964), the term "psychopharmakon" was used for the first time by Reinhardus Lorichius of Hadamar who, in 1548, edited a collection of prayers of comfort and in preparation for death under the title "Psychopharmakon, hoc est: medicina animae." With the introduction of chlorpromazine in 1952, the era of psychopharma cology began. The "psychopharmakon" of the Renaissance and the twentieth century differ from each other in concept and meaning; the spiritual support in times of increased anxiety and fear has been replaced by drugs which "tranquilize" the agitated and brighten the mood of the depressed. Thus, the pioneering discovery by Delay et al. (1952) of the usefulness of phenothiazines in schizophrenics, followed by the report of Loomer et al. (1957) on the antidepressant effect of iproniazid and Kuhn's (1957) observation of the thymoleptic property of imipramine triggered a revolution in psychiatry. Subsequently, numerous new psychopharmaka have been introduced. Parallel with this development, the interest in experimental behavioral research which began to utilize the newly discovered drugs as tools grew rapidly. The experience gained from studies of human and animal behavior found expression in the attempt to introduce a nomenclature and classify psychopharmaka on a purely psychological basis.

Spis treści

I. Phenothiazine Derivatives.- A. Structure-activity Relationships.- B. Peripheral Effects.- 1. Adrenolytic, Cholinolytic, Antihistaminic and Anti-serotonin Effects.- 2. Effects on Heart, Circulation and Vasculature.- 3. Muscle Relaxant Effect.- 4. Miscellaneous Effects.- C. Central Effects.- 1. Effects on the Spinal Cord.- 2. Influence on Medullary, Mesencephalic and Diencephalic Autonomic Functions.- a) Antiemetic Effect.- b) Influence on Central Mechanisms Governing Circulation.- c) Effects on Body Temperature.- d) Effect on Appetite.- e) Influence on Central Sympathetic Mechanisms.- 3. Influence on Bioelectrical Phenomena in the CNS.- a) Changes in the EEG.- b) Effect on EEG Arousal Reaction.- c) Influence on the Electrical Activity of the Reticular Formation.- d) Influence on Thalamic Projection System.- e) Effect on the Limbic System.- f) Effects on the Cortex.- g) Interpretation of Electrophysiological Effects.- 4. Results from Behavioral Investigations.- a) Influence on General Behavior.- b) Effect on Operant Conditioned Behavior.- 5. Biochemical Effects on the CNS.- a) Influence on Respiration, Oxidative Phosphorylation, Phospholipid Metabolism and Various Enzymes.- b) Acetylcholine Metabolism.- c) Norepinephrine, Dopamine and 5-HT Metabolism.- 6. Extrapyramidal Motor Disturbances in Man and Catalepsy in Animals.- a) Extrapyramidal Motor Disturbances in Man.- b) Catalepsy in Animals.- c) Biochemical Considerations of Phenothiazine Effects on the Extrapyramidal System.- 7. Interaction of Phenothiazines with other Centrally Acting Agents.- a) General Anesthetics and Hypnotics.- b) Central Stimulants, Convulsants, Physostigmine.- c) Influence on Central Effects of Morphine.- D. Endocrine Effects.- E. Metabolic Fate of Phenothiazines.- F. Habituation and Withdrawal.- G. Adverse Reactions and Treatment Risks.- 1. Suicide and Fatal Poisoning.- 2. Central Nervous System.- 3. Autonomic Nervous System.- 4. Striated Musculature.- 5. Jaundice.- 6. Agranulocytosis.- 7. Allergic Skin Reactions.- 8. Ocular Side-effects.- 9. Teratogenicity.- 10. Danger of Suicide.- 11. Sudden Death.- II. Butyrophenones.- A. Structure Activity Relationships.- B. Peripheral Effects.- 1. Interference with Autonomic Mediators.- 2. Cardiovascular Effects.- C. Central Effects.- 1. Influence at the Spinal Level.- 2. Supraspinal Effects.- a) Antiemetic Effect.- b) Interactions with Centrally Active Agents.- 3. Effects on Behavior.- a) Effects on Innate Behavior.- b) Effects on Operant Behavior.- D. Biochemical Effects.- 1. Interaction with Adrenergic Mediators.- 2. Metabolic Fate.- E. Adverse Reactions and Dangers.- III. Reserpine and Reserpine-like Agents.- A. Structure-activity Relationships.- B. Peripheral Effects.- 1. Influence on the Peripheral Sympathetic Nervous System.- 2. Catecholamine Release from Adrenal Medulla.- 3. Reserpine-induced Release of 5-Hydroxytryptamine.- 4. Mechanism of the Amine-liberating Effect of Reserpine.- 5. Peripheral Consequences of the Biochemical Effects of Reserpine.- C. Central Effects.- 1. Biochemical Effects in CNS.- a) Influence on Norepinephrine, Dopamine and 5-HT Metabolism in Brain.- b) Mechanism of Amine Release by Reserpine in CNS.- c) Relationship between Amine Depletion and Central Reserpine Effects.- d) Other Biochemical Effects of Reserpine in CNS.- 2. Effects on the Spinal Cord.- 3. Influence of Reserpine on Medullar, Meso- and Diencephalic Autonomic Functions.- a) Antiemetic Effect.- b) Influence on Central Regulation of Circulation.- c) Influence on Body Temperature and Appetite.- d) Influence on Central Sympathetic Mechanisms.- 4. Influence on Electrophysiologic Manifestations in Brain.- a) EEG Changes.- b) Influence on Thalamic Projection Systems.- c) Influence on the Limbic System.- d) Effects on Cortex.- 5. Influence of Reserpine on Behavior.- 6. Extrapyramidal Motor Disturbances in Man and Catalepsy in Animals.- 7. Interactions of Reserpine with other Centrally Active Agents.- D. Endocrine Effects of Reserpine.- E. Metabolic Fate of Reserpine.- F. Adverse Reactions and Dangers.- 1. Suicide and Fatal Poisoning.- 2. Central Nervous System.- 3. Autonomic Nervous System.- 4. Miscellaneous Side-effects.- IV. Minor Tranquilizers.- A. Central Effects.- B. Peripheral Effects.- C. Metabolic Studies.- D. Adverse Reactions.- V. Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors.- A. The Physiologic Significance of Monoamine Oxidase.- B. Classification of MAO-inhibitors and their Structure-activity Relationship.- 1. Hydrazine Derivatives.- 2. Harmala-alkaloids.- 3. Indolylalkylamines.- 4. Propargylamines.- 5. Cyclopropylamine.- 6. Aminopyrazine.- 7. Structural Similarities to Endogenous Amines.- C. Biochemical and Pharmacologic Effects of MAO-inhibitors.- 1. Biochemical Effects of MAO-inhibition.- a) Effects on Monoamine Metabolism.- b) Metabolism of Exogenous Monoamines and their Precursors after Administration of MAO-inhibitors.- c) The Excretion of Endogenous and Exogenous Monoamines and their Metabolites after Administration of MAO-inhibitors.- d) Antagonism between MAO-inhibitors of Short and Long Duration.- e) Antagonism between MAO-inhibitors and Reserpine.- f) Mechanism of the Biochemical Effects of MAO-inhibitors.- 2. Pharmacological Effects of MAO-inhibitors.- a) Central Effects.- b) Peripheral Effects.- D. Fate of MAO-inhibitors in the Body.- E. Adverse Reactions and Dangers.- 1. Suicide and Fatal Poisoning.- 2. Central Nervous System.- 3. Autonomic Nervous System.- 4. Jaundice.- 5. Miscellaneous Side-effects.- 6. Incompatibility.- 7. Physical Dependence and Withdrawal.- 8. Danger of Suicide.- VI. Thymoleptics.- A. Peripheral Effects.- B. Central Effects.- 1. Interaction with Central Autonomic Mechanisms.- 2. Effect on Behavior.- 3. Electrophysiologic Studies.- 4. Other Central Effects.- C. Metabolic Fate.- D. Adverse Reactions.- 1. Suicide and Poisoning.- 2. Central Nervous System.- 3. Peripheral Side-effects.- 4. Allergic Dermatoses.- 5. Agranulocytosis; Jaundice.- 6. Incompatibilities.- 7. Withdrawal Symptoms.- VII. Chemical Structures, General Clinical Use and Daily Human Rose Range of the most Frequently Used Psychotherapeutic Drugs.- Abbreviations.