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Retinoids, natural and synthetic vitamin A derivatives, are used as cancer chemo-preventive compounds. However, clinical trials have shown that retinoids can be deleterious leading to an increased incidence of neoplasias. The conflicting data regarding the pro/anti-oxidant potential of different retinoids molecules, stimulated us to investigate the effect of all-trans-Retinoic Acid (RA) on tumor cell proliferation in vitro. Dose-response treatment with RA at physiological doses promotes cell proliferation or autophagy while pharmacological doses results in apoptosis. RA is also implicated in...