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Membranes already have important applications in artificial organs, the processing of biotechnological products, food manufacture, waste water treatment, and seawater desalination. Their uses in gaseous mixture separations are, however, far from achieving their full potential. Separation of air components, natural gas dehumidification and sweeting, separation and recovery of CO₂ from biogas, and H₂ from refinery gases are all examples of current industrial applications. The use of membranes for reducing the greenhouse effect and improving energy efficiency has also...

Membrane distillation (MD) is a relatively new thermal membrane process which is attracting significant interest as a potential low cost and energy saving alternative to conventional separation processes such as distillation and reverse osmosis (RO). Its main advantages are the possibility to exploit waste grade heat and low grade heat for operation, and the production of high-purity distillate which is almost independent of feed concentration. Other benefits include the theoretically complete rejection of non-volatile solutes, the relative operating pressure and membrane-fouling problem....

Membranes already have important applications in artificial organs, the processing of biotechnological products, food manufacture, waste water treatment, and seawater desalination. Their uses in gaseous mixture separations are, however, far from achieving their full potential. Separation of air components, natural gas dehumidification and sweeting, separation and recovery of CO₂ from biogas, and H₂ from refinery gases are all examples of current industrial applications. The use of membranes for reducing the greenhouse effect and improving energy efficiency has also...