Pollutant Fate and Transport in Environmental Multimedia

ISBN-13: 9781119414629 / Angielski / Twarda / 2019 / 416 str.

Frank M. Dunnivant; Elliot Anders

Spis treści

Preface xiAcknowledgments xiiiAcronyms xvGlossary xixAbout the Companion Website xxiiiTo the Instructor xxvTo the Student xxviiTo the Environmental Professional xxixHow to Use the Book with Fate® and Associated Software xxxiInstructor/Student Resources xxxiiiPart I Introduction 11 Sources and Types of Pollutants, Why We Need Modeling, and the Need to Study Historical Pollution Events 31.1 Introduction 31.2 Need for Modeling of Pollutants in Environmental Media 41.3 Pollution versus Contamination; Pollutant versus Contaminant 41.4 Pollution Classifications 51.5 Sources of Pollution 51.6 Historic Examples of Where Fate and Transport Modeling Are Useful 101.7 Environmental Laws 21Concepts 22Exercises 22Bibliography 22Part II Chemistry of Fate and Transport Modeling 252 Basic Chemical Processes in Pollutant Fate and Transport Modeling 272.1 The Liquid Medium: Water and the Water Cycle 272.2 Unique Properties of Water 282.3 Concentration Units 322.4 Chemical Aspects of Environmental Systems 322.5 Reactions and Equilibrium 442.6 Complexation 532.7 Equilibrium Sorption Phenomena 542.8 Transformation/Degradation Reactions 632.9 Fugacity Concepts and Modeling 672.10 Summary 68Concepts 68Exercises 68References 693 Quantitative Aspects of Chemistry Toward Modeling 713.1 Introduction 713.2 Calculation of the Free Metal Ion Concentration in Natural Waters 713.3 Methods for Determining Kd and Kp 833.4 Kinetics of the Sorption Process 853.5 Sorption Isotherms 873.6 Kinetics of Transformation Reactions 893.7 Numerical Chemical Speciation Models 903.8 Putting It All Together: Where Chemistry Enters Into the Modeling Effort 913.9 Basic Approach to Fate and Transport Modeling 93Exercises 95Bibliography 99Part III Modeling 1014 An Overview of Pollutant Fate and Transport Modeling 1034.1 Modeling Approaches 1034.2 Quality of Modeling Results 1094.3 What Do You Do with Your Modeling Results? 109Bibliography 1105 Fate and Transport Concepts for Lake Systems 111Case Study 1: Lake Onondaga 111Case Study 2: Lake Erie, A More Positive Example 112Chapter Overview 1125.1 Introduction 1125.2 Types of Lakes and Lake-forming Events 1135.3 Input Sources 1175.4 Stratification of Lake Systems 1185.5 Environmental Sampling of Lake Systems 1205.6 Important Factors in the Modeling of Lakes: Conceptual Model Development 1225.7 Two Basic Mathematical Models for Lakes (Derivation by John Brooksbank in the Chapter Appendix) 1265.8 Sensitivity Analysis 1305.9 Limitations of Our Models 1315.10 Remediation 1315.11 Numerical Modeling Approaches for Large Lakes 1335.12 Useful Algebraic Model Formulation 1335.A Derivation of the two basic forms of fate and transport models for lake system: step (continuous) model and pulse (instantaneous) (derivations by John Brooksbank) 134Concepts 136Exercises 136Bibliography 1396 Fate and Transport of Pollutants in Rivers and Streams 141Case Study: The Rhine River 1416.1 Introduction 1416.2 Examples of Rivers and Volumetric Flows of Water 1426.3 Input Sources 1436.4 Sampling of Surface Waters 1436.5 Important Factors in the Modeling of Streams: Conceptualization of Terms 1446.6 Mathematical Development of Transport Models (Derivations by John Brooksbank, Here and in Chapter Appendix) 1476.7 Sensitivity Analysis 1516.8 Limitations of Our Models 1516.9 Remediation of Polluted Stream Systems 152Suggested Papers for Class Discussion 153Concepts 153Exercises 153Spreadsheet Exercise 1566.A Model Derivatives for River and Stream Systems (Derivations by John Brooksbank) 156Bibliography 1617 Dissolved Oxygen Sag Curves in Streams: The Streeter-Phelps Equation 163Case Study: Any Stream, Anywhere in the World 1637.1 Introduction 1637.2 Basic Input Sources (Wastewater Flow Rates and BOD Levels) 1667.3 Sampling of Wastewater 1687.4 Mass Balance-Based Development of the Basic Streeter-Phelps Model 1687.5 Sensitivity Analysis 1757.6 Limitations of Our Basic Model and More Elaborate Models 1757.7 Remediation 1757.8 One Last Note on Estuaries 177Suggested Reading for Discussion 178Concepts 178Exercises 178Spreadsheet Exercise 1827.A Derivation of the Streeter-Phelps (DO Sag Curve) Equation (By John Brooksbank 182Bibliography 1848 Fate and Transport Concepts for Groundwater Systems 187Case Study: The Test Area North Deep Well Injection Site at the Idaho National Environmental and Engineering Laboratory (INEEL) 1878.1 Introduction 1878.2 Input Sources 1888.3 Monitoring Wells 1898.4 Groundwater Sampling Equipment 1958.5 Chemistry Experiments Used to Support Modeling Efforts 1958.6 Direction of Water Flow (The Three-Point Problem) 2008.7 Physical Parameters Important in Pollutant Fate and Transport 2028.8 Derivation of Mathematical Models for Groundwater 2088.9 Sensitivity Analysis 2138.10 Limitations of Our Models 2138.11 Remediation 2148.12 Numerical Models Used by Professionals 216Suggested Papers for Class Discussion 216Concepts 216Exercises 216Spreadsheet Exercise 219Bibliography 2199 Fate and Transport Concepts Atmospheric Systems 221Case Study: The Union Carbide-Bhopal Accident 2219.1 Introduction 2229.2 Input Sources 2229.3 Atmospheric Sampling Equipment and Efforts 2229.4 Important Factors in the Modeling of Atmospheric Pollution: Conceptual Model Development 2249.5 Mathematical Development of Model 2279.6 Sensitivity Analysis 2339.7 Limitations of Our Model 2349.8 Remediation 2359.9 Models Used by Professionals 235Concepts 235Suggested Reading for Class Discussions 235Exercises 235Plume (step or continuous) Input Problems 236Puff (Pulse or Instantaneous) Pollutant Inputs 236Spreadsheet Exercise 237Bibliography 23710 Regulatory Environmental Modeling Practices and Software 239Raymond C. Whittemore10.1 Introduction 23910.2 Generic Model Types 23910.3 Model Availability 24010.4 Atmospheric Quality Models 24010.5 Surface Water Models 24210.6 Large-Scale Watershed Models 24610.7 Subsurface or Groundwater Models 24810.8 Modeling of Toxic Substances 25010.9 Human Health Risk Assessment 25110.10 Other Useful Regulatory Models 251Exercises 251Bibliography 252Part IV Toxicology and Risk Assessment 25511 Toxicology, Risk Assessment, Cost-Benefit Analysis, and Life Cycle Assessment 25711.1 Introduction 25711.2 Toxicology 25711.3 Risk Assessment 25811.4 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) 27411.5 Benefit-Cost Analysis 27611.6 Summary 276Concepts 276Exercises 277Bibliography 280Part V Environmental Legislation in the United States 28112 US Environmental Laws 283Frank Dunnivant, Lance DeMuth, Savanna Ferguson, Rose Kormanyos, Loren Sackett, and Jill Schulte12.1 Environmental Movements in the United States 28312.2 The History of the Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) 28412.3 Major US Environmental Laws 28512.4 EPA's Record 30012.5 Environmental Permitting and Compliance 30212.6 International Agreements/Treaties Involving the United States 30212.7 Summary 305Exercises 305Disclaimer 305Bibliography 30513 Environmental Policy in the European Union 307Steven Woolston and Aisha Kimbrough13.1 Introduction to the European Union 30713.2 The Environment and the European Union 30713.3 The Early Stages of the EU's Environmental Efforts 30713.4 Existing Environmental Legislation 30813.5 Waste Management Legislation 30813.6 Water Legislation 30913.7 Air Quality Legislation 30913.8 Environmental Disasters 310Bibliography 31014 Environmental Laws in China 311Zeyu Liu and Yi Xu14.1 Environmental Law and Policy in the People's Republic of China 31114.2 Brief Introduction to China 31114.3 Economy and the Environment 31114.4 History of Environmental Law and Policy 31214.5 Existing Environmental Law and Policy 31414.6 Challenges and the Future of Environmental Governance 31414.7 Can China Take on the Leading Role in the Global Environmental Governance? 315Bibliography 316Part VI World Class Pollutants 31915 World Class Pollutants 321Frank Dunnivant and Emily Welborn15.1 Mercury 32115.2 Lead 32315.3 PCBs 32515.4 DDT 32615.5 Endocrine Disruptors 32815.6 Plastics 33015.7 Carbon Dioxide and Climate Change 331Bibliography 332Part VII Supporting Laboratory Experiments 33516 Laboratory Experiments 33716.1 Introduction 33716.2 Keeping a Legally Defensible Laboratory Notebook 33716.3 Quarter- and Semester-Long Experiments 33816.4 Pollutant Fate and Transport Experiments for the Last Two Dispersion Experiments 33816.5 The Measurement of Dispersion in a Simulated River System 35516.6 The Measurement of Dispersion and Sorption in a Simulated Groundwater System 358Bibliography 365Index 367

O autorze

FRANK M. DUNNIVANT, PHD, is currently a professor in the Department of Chemistry, Whitman College. He has worked for several labs including the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, and the Swiss Federal Institute for Water and Waste Water Pollution (EAWAG). He has extensive experience with practical applications, research, and writing on environmental engineering and analytical science topics.ELLIOT ANDERS holds a degree in Environmental Chemistry, works as a software engineer with a commitment to social justice and improving the environment, and is a cofounder of Educational Solutions, LLC.