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Functional Equations (FEs) are a vaiable branch of mathematics. They arise in many applications and models. They can be either of one variable or many variables. Recently, queuing systems have been used to model numerous computers and communication systems. Queuing systems may be simple such as that which contains one server, and may not be simple such as that which contains more than one server. In some applications, the system which contains a queue or more interfering with one another, the equations characterizing these systems are functional equations. In this Book, we get an exact...

Progressive muscular dystrophy refers to a group of hereditary myopathies characterized by progressive weakness, deterioration and regeneration of muscle fibers. Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)is an X-linked recessive disorder that affects 1:3500 males and is caused by mutation in the dystrophin gene which is responsible for the maintenance of mechanical stability at the muscle cell membrane. Symptoms are seldom noted until the child is between 2-5 years old. The disease affects male only and is inherited in the female line. The major characteristics of the disease are muscle wasting,...