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A contemporary to Thomas Aquinas in Latin Catholic Italy, and with a parallel motivation to stabilize each his own civilization in its flux and storm, 'Abd Allah Baydawi of Ilkhan Persia wrote a compact and memorable Arabic Summation of Islamic Natural and Traditional Theology. With the same strokes of his pen he presented the Islamic version of the Science of Theological Statement, bafflingly called "Kalam" while familiarly embracing "Theology." Baydawi's Tawali'al-Anwar min Matal'al-Anzar (Rays of Dawnlight Outstreaming from Far Horizons of Logical Reasoning), with Mahmud Isfahani's...

One who does not have a Muslim training finds it difficult to understand what he or she sees and hears when observing a Muslim at worship alone or with others in a mosque. The eleventh century writer Al-Ghazzali supplies the required information in his Book of the Worship, of which the present work is a translation. The Introduction brings together the acts and utterances which constitute the formal ceremony, which is still practiced today, called 'the Worship', and gives an account of the times when this ceremony is used in the religious life of the Muslim. Annotations attempt to make clear...