Rubber to Rubber Adhesion

ISBN-13: 9781119768890 / Angielski / Twarda / 2021 / 448 str.

Dinesh Kumar Kotnees; Anil K. Bhowmick

Spis treści

Foreword xvPreface xvii1 Introduction to Rubber 11.1 History 11.2 What is a Rubber? 31.3 What is the Structure of Rubber? 51.4 Why is Rubber Chosen Over Other Materials? 91.5 Brief Outline of Preparation of Rubber 101.6 Types of Rubber 131.6.1 Natural Rubber (NR) 141.6.2 Styrene - Butadiene Rubber (SBR) 141.6.3 Polybutadiene Rubber (BR) 151.6.4 Nitrile Rubber (NBR) and Hydrogenated Nitrile Butadiene Rubber (HNBR) 151.6.5 Ethylene Propylene Rubber (EPDM/EPM) 161.6.6 Chloroprene Rubber (CR) 161.6.7 Butyl Rubber (IIR) 161.7 Compounding of Rubbers 171.7.1 Rubbers 171.7.2 Vulcanizing Agents 201.7.3 Accelerator and Accelerator-Activators 211.7.4 Age Resistors 211.7.5 Fillers 231.7.6 Processing Aid 231.7.7 Miscellaneous Ingredients 241.8 The Processes of the Rubber Industry 251.9 Why is Adhesion Important in Rubber Science? 28References 292 Important Physical Properties for Understanding Rubber Adhesion and Measurements of Rubber Adhesion 312.1 Molecular Weight of Polymer 332.1.1 Definition 332.1.1.1 Number Average Molecular Weight (Mn) 332.1.1.2 Weight Average Molecular Weight (Mw) 342.1.1.3 Z-Average Molecular Weight (Mz) and Viscosity Average Molecular Weight (Mv) 342.1.1.4 Molecular Weight Distribution (MWD) 352.1.2 Determination of Molecular Weight and MWD 362.1.2.1 GPC 362.1.2.2 Viscosity and Light Scattering Methods 372.1.2.3 Use of 1H NMR Spectroscopy in Polymer Molecular Weight Analysis 382.1.3 Relationship Between Adhesion and Molecular Weight in Unvulcanized Rubber 39References 402.2 Glass Transition Temperature 412.2.1 Introduction and Definition 412.2.2 Glass Transition and Thermodynamics 422.2.3 Factors on Which Tg Depends 442.2.3.1 Chain Flexibility 442.2.3.2 Bulky Side Group 442.2.3.3 Polar Effect 442.2.3.4 Monomer Structure and Tg 442.2.3.5 Configurational Effect 452.2.3.6 Effect of Crosslinks 462.2.3.7 Tg and Plasticizer 462.2.4 Determination of Tg 46References 492.3 Solubility Parameter, Interaction Parameter and Interface 502.3.1 Solubility Parameter 502.3.2 Interaction Parameter 522.3.3 Interface 55References 592.4 Spectroscopic Techniques 602.4.1 Introduction 602.4.2 Principle of FTIR Spectroscopy 612.4.3 Principle of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy 642.4.4 Principle of X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) 662.4.5 Chemical Groups and Adhesion 70References 712.5 Microscopy 732.5.1 Optical or Light Microscopy 732.5.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 742.5.2.1 Principle of SEM 742.5.2.2 Sample Preparation and Measurements 762.5.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) 792.5.4 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) 802.5.4.1 Principle 812.5.4.2 Operational Modes 822.5.4.3 Detection Method 832.5.4.4 Imaging and Analysis 84References 892.6 Contact Angle, Surface Energy and Surface Roughness 912.6.1 Contact Angle 912.6.1.1 Concepts 912.6.1.2 Measurements 922.6.2 Surface Energy 932.6.3 Work of Adhesion and Spreading Coefficient 992.6.4 Theoretical Adhesion and Practical Adhesion 1012.6.5 Surface Roughness 1012.6.5.1 Concepts 1012.6.5.2 Measurements 103References 1082.7 Rheological Properties of Rubber 1102.7.1 Definition 1102.7.1.1 Shear Viscosity 1102.7.1.2 Shear Stress 1112.7.1.3 Shear Rate 1112.7.1.4 Viscous and Elastic Components 1112.7.2 Measurement of Viscosity and Elasticity 1132.7.2.1 Capillary Viscometer/Rheometer 1132.7.2.2 Rotational Rheometry/Viscometry 1162.7.2.3 Oscillatory Rheometry 117References 1202.8 Curing and Crosslinking of Rubber 1212.8.1 Concepts and Definitions 1212.8.2 Measurements 1232.8.3 Determination of Crosslink Density 1262.8.3.1 Chemical Method 1262.8.3.2 Physical Method 1282.8.4 Relationship Between Adhesion Strength and Crosslinking 128References 1292.9 Mechanical Properties 1312.9.1 Tensile Properties 1312.9.1.1 Unvulcanized Rubber 1312.9.1.2 Vulcanized Rubber 1322.9.2 Tearing Energy/Tear Strength 1342.9.3 Fatigue, Stress Relaxation and Creep of Rubber 137References 1422.10 Dynamical Mechanical Analysis (DMA) 1442.10.1 Introduction 1442.10.2 Operating Principles 1452.10.3 Temperature Sweep Test Using DMA 1482.10.4 Frequency Sweep Master Curves from Time-Temperature Superposition (TTS) Using DMA 1502.10.4.1 Terminal Relaxation Time ( te) from Plateau and Terminal Zone 1532.10.4.2 Self-Diffusion Coefficient (D) 1542.10.4.3 Onset of Transition Zone Relaxation Time ( tr) 1542.10.4.4 Monomer Friction Coefficient, MFC (zeta0) from Transition Zone 154References 1552.11 Diffusion and Adhesion 1572.11.1 Concepts 1572.11.2 Diffusion Theory of Adhesion 1582.11.3 Methods to Identify Diffusion Across the Interface 1582.11.4 Self-Diffusion Coefficient 1592.11.5 Concept of Tack, Diffusion and Viscosity 1612.11.6 Models Related to Diffusion of Polymers 1642.11.6.1 Reptation Model 1642.11.6.2 Model Theory of Crack Healing 165References 1682.12 Test Methods for Rubber to Rubber Adhesion and Self-Healing 1712.12.1 Unvulcanized Rubber Test 1712.12.2 Vulcanized Rubber Test 1782.12.3 Tests for Self-Healing 187References 1893 Adhesion Between Unvulcanized Elastomers 1933.1 Introduction 1933.2 Autohesive Tack 1953.2.1 Autohesive Tack Criterion 1963.2.2 Theories Related to Autohesive Tack 1973.2.2.1 Diffusion Theory 1973.2.2.2 Contact Theory 1993.2.3 Factors Affecting Autohesive Tack Bond Formation Process 2013.2.3.1 Effect of Contact Time 2013.2.3.2 Effect of Contact Pressure 2043.2.3.3 Effect of Contact Temperature 2043.2.3.4 Effect of Surface Roughness 2063.2.4 Factors Affecting Autohesive Tack Bond Destruction Process 2073.2.4.1 Effect of Test Rate 2073.2.4.2 Effect of Test Temperature 2073.2.4.3 Effect of Bond Thickness 2083.2.5 Effect of Molecular Properties on Autohesive Tack 2093.2.5.1 Effect of Molecular Weight 2093.2.5.2 Effect of Microstructure 2093.2.5.3 Effect of Crystallinity 2103.2.5.4 Effect of Polar Groups 2113.2.6 Environmental Effects on Autohesive Tack 2123.2.6.1 Effect of Surface Oxidation 2123.2.6.2 Effect of Humidity 2123.2.7 Effect of Compounding Ingredients on Autohesive Tack 2133.2.7.1 Effect of Processing Oil 2133.2.7.2 Effect of Tackifiers 2133.2.8 Effect of Fillers 2473.2.8.1 Effect of Carbon Black and Silica on Autohesive Tack of Elastomers Used in the Rubber Industry 2473.2.8.2 Effect of Nanoclay on Autohesive Tack of Elastomers Used in the Rubber Industry 250References 2604 Self-Healing of Elastomers 2694.1 Introduction 2694.2 Examples 2724.2.1 Hydrogen Bonding 2724.2.2 Thermo Reversible Diels-Alder Chemistry 2754.2.3 Ionic Bonding 2794.2.4 Coordination Complexes 2844.2.5 Exchange of Disulfide Bonds 2864.2.6 Other Reactions 2874.3 Reactions on Various Rubbers 2874.4 External Healing Agents 2944.5 Self-Healing in Tire Industry 2944.6 Summary of Self-Healing System 295References 2975 Adhesion Between Compounded Elastomers by Co-Crosslinking 3055.1 Introduction 3055.2 Co-Crosslinking 3065.2.1 Adhesion Between Unvulcanized Rubber (Filled with Crosslinking Agents) and Unvulcanized Rubber (Filled with Crosslinking Agents) by Co-Crosslinking 310References 3296 Adhesion Between Partially Vulcanized Rubber and Partially Vulcanized Rubber 3316.1 Introduction 3316.2 Experiments of Chang and Gent 3316.3 Experiments of Bhowmick and Gent 3356.4 Experiments of Chun and Gent 3406.5 Experiments of Sarkar and Bhowmick 3456.6 Experiments of Gent and Lai 3496.7 Experiments of Ruch, David and Vallat 352References 3557 Adhesion Between Vulcanized Rubber and Unvulcanized Rubber or Partially Vulcanized Rubber 3577.1 Introduction 3577.2 Adhesion Between Vulcanized Rubber and Unvulcanized Rubber (Filled with Crosslinking Agents) 3607.3 Adhesion Between Vulcanized Rubber and Partially Vulcanized Rubber (Filled with Crosslinking Agents) 386References 3898 Adhesion Between Vulcanized Rubber and Vulcanized Rubber 391References 413Index 415

O autorze

Dinesh Kumar Kotnees is an assistant professor in the Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology Patna (IIT Patna). Before joining IIT Patna he was working as a research scientist in General Electric Company (GE Plastics) Bangalore, India. Dr. Kotnees holds a PhD degree in Rubber Science and Technology from IIT Kharagpur.Anil K. Bhowmick is currently at the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at the University of Houston and a former Professor of Eminence, IIT Kharagpur, India. He was previously associated with the University of Akron, Ohio, USA, London School of Polymer Technology, London, and Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan. He has more than 550 peer-reviewed international publications, 35 book chapters, and seven books. He holds twenty-one patents, including three US, three Japanese, and one German patent.