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Real investment takes a prominent position in determination of national income in modern industrial economies. Unfortunately investment behaviour of firms remains an area still poorly understood by economists and policy makers. Economic research identifies certain factors, both real and financial, to have significant influence on firm level investment decisions. However, the nature and extent of their association with real investment decisions is still widely debated. This book attempts to shed light on some of these hitherto unsolved issues. The book contains comprehensive theoretical...

In conventional ecosystem models, the parameters are considered to be deterministic. But in reality, they are not deterministic rather than imprecise in nature. This book presents different types of food chain models under imprecise parameters that are handled by fuzzy set theory. The main feature of this book is to study different ecological models in fuzzy environment. Different fuzzy mathematical techniques are described in this book to study the fuzzy uncertain ecological models. In the present book, important ecological models are constructed with realistic scenarios to give the readers...