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By 1540, the Privy Council had been established as the Crown's principal policy-making and executive arm. Under the later Tudors, it governed England on the sovereign's behalf, functioning as an elite corporate board, and imbued with a sense of collective responsibility. Policy was implemented chiefly by issuing orders in the form of letters and warrants. Unfortunately, the institution's internal records are imperfect; the Elizabethan registers, which for much of the period disclose attendance at Council meetings and briefly notice out-going correspondence, are lost for almost a third of the...