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The fitness of any evolutionary unit can be understood in terms of its two basic components: fecundity and viability. The trade-offs between these fitness components drive the evolution of many life-history traits in extant multicellular lineages. Here, I show that the emergence of individuality at a higher level during the uni-multicellular transition can also be a consequence of these trade-offs. I argue that germ-soma separation evolved as a means to counteract the increasing costs of larger multicellular colonies.
Volvocalean green algae are uniquely suited for studying this transition...

Simplicity is the greatest accomplishment of the Universe Confederation. However, simplicity tends to shelter complex dilemmas. All intelligent species in the Universe live by their succinct Constitution: no true intelligent life form can harm in any way or interfere with another unless it is directly harmed or interfered with. The Constitution has never been broken, not even in the most complicated differendums. Different experiments had been set up in the Universe outskirts to try to understand the transition to high intelligence; researcher Geb is assigned a particularly promising one. To...