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For nearly sixty years, the Soviet Union had the most militarized economy in history. The sheer volume of arms produced, and the physical and human dimensions of the industrial apparatus used to produce those arms, was unmatched. Militarization affected every fiber of the economic system; for individuals and households, it provided support for measures to restrict free choice in almost every aspect of people's personal lives, from where they lived and worked to what they ate and wore.

All of this has now changed radically. Russia has removed nearly all the restrictions on individuals and...

If sustainable growth is a key goal for the economy of every nation, its desirability is perhaps even more acute in Russia. Even President Medvedev argues that the country s heavy reliance on natural resources makes it primitive and uncompetitive, calling for innovation and diversification.

But the authors of this provocative new book argue that this modernization may not be the best thing for Russia. Two factors present major obstacles: first, the country s physical and human capital was inherited in the Soviet era and was allocated geographically in a way that was not conducive to...

From the KGB to the Kremlin: a multidimensional portrait of the man at war with the West. Where do Vladimir Putin's ideas come from? How does he look at the outside world? What does he want, and how far is he willing to go?

The great lesson of the outbreak of World War I in 1914 was the danger of misreading the statements, actions, and intentions of the adversary. Today, Vladimir Putin has become the greatest challenge to European security and the global world order in decades. Russia's 8,000 nuclear weapons underscore the huge risks of not understanding who Putin is. Featuring five new...

In December 1991 the Union of Soviet Socialist Republicsborn in violent revolution and dominated for more than six decades by highly authoritarian rulewas dissolved by its constituent republics. The causes for this remarkable event will be probed for many years to come. Our understanding of it may never be complete. Nevertheless, it is evident even now that part of the story lay in a conscious redirection of policy by specific individuals. Those at the center of political and economic power understood the flaws in their system well enough to initiate a process of reform, but one that...