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This timely book explores pertinent questions around the legitimacy and effectiveness of EU agencies'AEo soft law, with a particular focus on the European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA). It examines the variety of ESMA'AEos existing and newly granted soft law-making powers, which were intended to deal with the lack of effectiveness of its predecessor but are now called into question due to the 'AEohard'AEo effect of these soft laws. Built on a combination of theoretical analysis and first-hand practical experience, Marloes van Rijsbergen tests the framework for each category...

In recent years, there have been several attempts to define a logic for information retrieval (IR). The aim was to provide a rich and uniform representation of information and its semantics with the goal of improving retrieval effectiveness. The basis of a logical model for IR is the assumption that queries and documents can be represented effectively by logical formulae. To retrieve a document, an IR system has to infer the formula representing the query from the formula representing the document. This logical interpretation of query and document emphasizes that relevance in IR is an...

In recent years, there have been several attempts to define a logic for information retrieval (IR). The aim was to provide a rich and uniform representation of information and its semantics with the goal of improving retrieval effectiveness. The basis of a logical model for IR is the assumption that queries and documents can be represented effectively by logical formulae. To retrieve a document, an IR system has to infer the formula representing the query from the formula representing the document. This logical interpretation of query and document emphasizes that relevance in IR is an...

These are the proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Quantum Interaction (QI-2009), held at the German Research Centre for Arti?cial Int- ligence (DFKI), Saarbru ]cken during March 25-27, 2009. Quantum theory (QT) is being applied to domains such as arti?cial intelligence, human language, cognition, information retrieval, biology, political science, e- nomics, organizations, andsocialinteraction. After highly successfulmeetings at Stanford (QI-2007)and Oxford(QI-2008), QI-2009brought together researchers interested in advancing and applying the methods and structures of QT to...