Blood Traces: Interpretation of Deposition and Distribution

ISBN-13: 9781119764533 / Angielski / Twarda / 2021 / 384 str.

Peter A. Pizzola; Brooke Kammrath; Peter R. De Forest

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DEDICATION vEPIGRAPH viiTABLE OF CONTENTS ixFOREWORD xviiACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xixPREFACE TO BLOOD TRACES: INTERPRETATION OF DEPOSITION AND DISTRIBUTION xxi1 Physical Evidence Record 11.1 Generation of Physical Evidence Record 11.1.1 Scene as a Recording Medium 11.1.2 Creation of Blood Traces 51.2 Capturing the Physical Evidence Record: Crime Scene Analysis 51.2.1 The Stages of Crime Scene Investigation 61.2.1.1 Scene Protection and Security 61.2.1.2 Evidence Recognition 81.2.1.3 Evidence Documentation 101.2.1.4 Evidence Recovery, Packaging, and Transportation 141.3 Reconstruction of Past Incidents from the Physical Evidence Record 171.3.1 Definition 171.3.2 Art or Science, or Both? 171.3.3 Importance of the Scientific Method 181.3.4 Reconstruction vs. Reenactment 181.3.5 Holistic Philosophy: Blood Trace Configuration Interpretation Is Only One Aspect of Reconstruction 19References 202 Historical Perspective 212.1 Edgar Allen Poe and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle: History in Fiction 212.2 Hans Gross 222.3 History of Research in Blood Traces 222.4 Detective Charlie Chan: History in Film 232.5 Paul Kirk 232.6 Herbert MacDonell 252.7 Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Committees and Organizations 26References 263 Characteristics of Liquids Including Blood 293.1 Physical Properties and Fluid Mechanics of Liquids 293.1.1 Surface Tension and Weber Number 293.1.2 Density 313.1.3 Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Fluids 313.1.4 Viscosity and Poiseuille's Equation 323.1.5 Flow Stability, Reynolds Number, and Rayleigh Number 333.1.6 Viscoelasticity 343.1.7 Caveats 343.2 Physical Characteristics of Blood 353.2.1 Definition and Description of Blood 353.2.2 Factors that Influence Droplet Deposit Periphery 373.2.3 Factors that Influence Droplet and Deposit Size 383.2.4 Sedimentation and Hematocrit 403.3 Optical Properties of Blood Deposits 403.4 Physiological Characteristics of Blood 413.4.1 Hemostasis and Clotting 413.4.1.1 Postmortem Clotting 423.4.1.2 Lack of Clotting 423.5 Use of Blood Substitutes in Training and Simulations 43References 444 Detection, Visual Enhancement, Identification, and Source Attribution of Blood Deposits and Configurations 474.1 Optical Visualization of Blood Trace Deposits 484.2 Catalytic Tests 524.3 Protein Stains 534.4 Blood Typing and DNA Technology 534.5 A Limitation of Laboratory SOPs 544.6 Ongoing and Future Research 554.7 Conclusion 58References 585 Terminology, Typology, and Taxonomy 615.1 History of Terminologies Applied to Blood Trace Configurations 615.2 A Typology for Blood Trace Deposits 635.2.1 Contact Transfers 645.2.1.1 Figure(s): Static Contact Transfers 665.2.2 Noncontact Deposit Configurations 695.2.3 Arc ("Cast-off") Deposit Configurations 695.2.4 Arterial Deposit Configurations 705.2.5 Droplet Trail Deposit Configurations 715.2.6 Airborne Droplets in Respiratory Airstreams 725.2.7 Radial ("Impact") Spatter (Include Close-Up) 735.2.8 Secondary Spatter 745.2.8.1 Dropping Height Experiments 755.2.8.2 Dropping Volume Experiments 765.2.8.3 Various Substrates 775.2.8.4 Secondary Spatter Discussion 775.2.9 Spatter Associated with Gunshot Wounds 785.2.9.1 Patterns from Perforating (Through-and-through) Wounds 785.2.9.2 Backspatter from Entrance Wounds with No Exit (Penetrating Wounds) 805.2.9.3 Blood Traces from Blowback 805.2.10 Other Configurations 825.2.10.1 Flow Configurations 825.2.10.2 Pooling Configurations 825.2.10.2.1 Clotting, Serum Separation and its Significance 825.2.10.3 Diluted Blood Deposits 835.2.10.4 Significance of Voids 865.2.11 Post-Incident Events ("Artifacts") 875.2.11.1 Human Attempts at Clean-Up 875.2.11.1.1 Inhibiting and Obscuring Cleaning Agents 875.2.11.1.2 Luminol and Investigative Leads 885.2.11.2 Animals and Insects 885.2.11.3 Unavoidable Environmental Events (i.e., Rain, Wind...) 90References 926 Blood Droplet Dynamics and Deposit Formation 956.1 Blood Droplet Motion and Velocity Vectors 956.2 Angle of Impact 966.3 Blood Droplet Trajectory and Resulting Impact Geometry 986.4 Region of Convergence and Region of Origin 1016.5 Equivalence of Relativistic Motion 1046.6 Impact Mechanism and Blood Trace Deposit Formation 1106.6.1 Impacts of Falling Droplets with Sessile Blood 1146.7 Conclusion 116References 1167 Blood Trace Interpretation and Crime Scene/Incident Reconstruction 1197.1 Principles of Blood Trace Reconstruction 1197.2 Utility 1267.2.1 Associative 1267.2.2 Action 1267.2.3 Positional 1287.2.4 Directional 1297.2.5 Temporal 1297.2.6 Pattern Directed Sampling 1307.3 Limitations, Problems, and Common Acceptance of the Status Quo 1307.3.1 Lack of Teamwork and Potential Synergism Between Criminal and Scientist Investigator 1307.3.1.1 Lack of Appreciation for the Contributions of the Scientist (or Undervaluing of the Scientist) 1317.3.2 Potential Failures of the Scientist Investigator 1327.3.2.1 Investigator Inexperience 1327.3.2.2 Neglect of Scientific Principles 1327.3.2.2.1 Misunderstanding and/or Misuse of the Scientific Method 1327.3.2.2.2 Over-Interpretation 1367.3.2.2.3 Opinion of a Scientist vs. Scientific Opinion 1397.3.2.3 Deficiency in Scientific Integrity 1397.3.2.4 Cognitive Biases 1407.3.3 Pre- and Post-Event Artifacts 1407.3.4 Risks Engendered by Limited or Erroneous Information 1417.3.5 Problems with "Patterns" 1427.3.5.1 General Problems 1427.3.5.2 Patterns Involving a Limited Number or Detail of Traces 1437.3.5.3 Chronological Sequencing 1447.3.5.4 Effects Caused by Interaction of Blood and Target Surface 1447.3.5.5 Configurations Observed after Application of Blood Presumptive and Enhancement Reagents 1477.3.6 Problems with the Interpretation of Specific Blood Trace Configurations 1487.3.6.1 False Expectation of Airborne Blood Droplets from the First Wounding 1487.3.6.2 Limitations in Determining the Origin with the Radial Spatter Configurations 1497.3.6.3 Measurement Uncertainty and Significant Figures 1507.3.6.4 "Height of Fall" Estimations 1517.3.6.5 Crude Age Estimations of Dried Blood Traces Based on Appearance 1527.3.7 Experimental Design 1527.4 Blood Trace Configuration Analysis as Part of a Holistic Approach to Reconstruction 154References 1558 Science and Pseudoscience 1578.1 Science 1578.1.1 The Need for a Generalist-Scientist in Crime Scene Investigation 1578.2 Pseudoscience 1588.2.1 The Pernicious Consequences with Respect to Reconstructions 1588.2.2 Pseudoscience Characteristics 1588.2.2.1 Isolation 1598.2.2.2 Nonfalsifiability 1598.2.2.3 Misuse of Data 1608.2.2.4 Lack of Replicability 1608.2.2.5 Claims of Unusually High Precision, Sensitivity of Detection, or Accuracy of Measurement 1608.2.3 Hallmarks of a Pseudoscientist 1608.2.3.1 Impenetrability 1618.2.3.2 Ulterior Motives (Financial Gain/Recognition) 1618.2.3.3 Lack of Formal Science Education 1628.2.3.4 Unwillingness to Self-Correct 1628.3 Bad Science 1638.4 Conclusions 164References 1649 Modes of Practice and Practitioner Preparation and Qualification 1679.1 Existing Modes of Crime Scene Investigation Practice 1679.1.1 The Folly of Casting Technicians into the Roles of Scientists 1699.2 Preparations and Qualifications of Practitioners 1709.2.1 Education and Training 1729.2.2 Experience 1739.2.3 Mentoring 1749.2.4 Professional Development 1749.2.5 Peer or Technical Review 1749.2.6 Certification & Qualification Standards 176References 17710 Interesting and Illustrative Cases 17910.1 The Sam Sheppard Case 18010.1.1 Case Scenario/Background Information 18010.1.2 The Physical Evidence and Its Interpretation 18010.1.3 Conclusions 18210.1.4 Lessons 18410.2 Knife in the Gift Bag 18510.2.1 Case Scenario/Background Information 18510.2.2 The Physical Evidence and Its Interpretation 18510.2.3 Conclusions 18610.2.4 Lessons 18610.3 The Farhan Nassar Case 18610.3.1 Case Scenario/Background Information 18610.3.2 The Physical Evidence and Its Interpretation 18710.3.3 Conclusions 19010.3.4 Lessons 19110.4 Passive Documentation 19110.4.1 Case Scenario/Background Information 19110.4.2 The Physical Evidence and Its Interpretation 19210.4.3 Conclusions 19310.4.4 Lessons 19310.5 The British Island Holiday Case 19410.5.1 Case Scenario/Background Information 19410.5.2 The Physical Evidence and Its Interpretation 19510.5.3 Conclusions 19810.5.4 Lessons 19810.6 Absence of Evidence is Not Evidence of Absence 19910.6.1 Case Scenario/Background Information 19910.6.2 The Physical Evidence and Its Interpretation 20010.6.3 Conclusions 20110.6.4 Lessons 20110.7 Triple Homicide 20210.7.1 Case Scenario/Background Information 20210.7.2 The Physical Evidence and Its Interpretation 20210.7.3 Conclusions 20410.7.4 Lessons 20410.8 The O.J. Simpson Case 20510.8.1 Case Scenario/Background Information 20510.8.2 The Physical Evidence and Its Interpretation 20710.8.2.1 Trails of Blood Droplets and Footwear 20710.8.2.2 The Blood on and in the Bronco 21310.8.2.3 The Socks and EDTA Testing 21410.8.2.4 The Envelope 21810.8.2.5 The Hat and Gloves 22010.8.3 Conclusions 22110.8.4 Lessons 22310.9 A Vertical Crime Scene 22310.9.1 Case Scenario/Background Information 22310.9.2 The Physical Evidence and Its Interpretation 22410.9.3 Conclusions 22810.9.4 Lessons 22910.10 Tissue Spatter from a Large Caliber Gunshot 22910.10.1 Case Scenario/Background Information 22910.10.2 The Physical Evidence and Its Interpretation 22910.10.3 Conclusions 23010.10.4 Lessons 23010.11 Shooting of a Driver 23010.11.1 Case Scenario/Background Information 23010.11.2 The Physical Evidence and Its Interpretation 23110.11.3 Conclusions 23310.11.4 Lessons 23310.12 A Contested Fratricide 23510.12.1 Case Scenario/Background Information 23510.12.2 The Physical Evidence and Its Interpretation 23610.12.3 Conclusions 23810.12.4 Lessons 238References 24011 "Bad" Cases - Misleading or Incompetent Interpretations 24111.1 David Camm 24211.1.1 Case Scenario/Background Information 24211.1.2 The Physical Evidence and Its Interpretation 24211.1.3 Conclusions 25011.1.4 Lessons 25111.2 Dew Theory 25211.2.1 Case Scenario/Background Information 25211.2.2 The Physical Evidence and Its Interpretation 25211.2.3 Conclusions 25311.2.4 Lessons 25411.3 Murder of an Off-Duty Police Officer 25411.3.1 Case Scenario/Background Information 25411.3.2 The Physical Evidence and Its Interpretation 25511.3.3 Conclusions 26111.3.4 Lessons 26111.4 The Imagined Mist Pattern 26211.4.1 Case Scenario/Background Information 26211.4.2 The Physical Evidence and Its Interpretation 26211.4.3 Conclusions 26311.4.4 Lessons 26311.5 Concealed Blood Traces 26411.5.1 Case Scenario/Background Information 26411.5.2 The Physical Evidence and Its Interpretation 26411.5.3 Conclusions 26511.5.4 Lessons 26511.6 A Stomping Homicide - Misuse of Enhancement Reagents 26611.6.1 Case Scenario/Background Information 26611.6.2 The Physical Evidence and Its Interpretation 26611.6.3 Conclusions 26811.6.4 Lessons 268References 26812 More Broadly Assessed Cases: Going Beyond the Request 26912.1 Gunshot to the Forehead and the Runaway Car 27012.1.1 Case Scenario/Background Information 27012.1.2 The Physical Evidence and Its Interpretation 27012.1.3 Conclusions 27112.1.4 Lessons 27112.2 The Obscured Bloody Imprint 27312.2.1 Case Scenario/Background Information 27312.2.2 The Physical Evidence and Its Interpretation 27412.2.3 Conclusions 27812.2.4 Lessons 27812.3 The Murder of a Deputy: Shooting in a Hospital Room 27912.3.1 Case Scenario/Background Information 27912.3.2 The Physical Evidence and Its Interpretation 28012.3.3 Conclusions 28112.3.4 Lessons 28113 Widely Held Misconceptions 28313.1 Blood Traces Produced by Gunshot Wounds 28313.1.1 Introduction to Firearms and Wounding 28313.1.2 Microvascularization and Experimental Laboratory Models 28513.1.3 Proposed Models and Their Failure to Consider Microvascular Structures 28813.2 The "Normal Drop" Claim 29513.3 MacDonell Priority Claims Relative to the Seminal 1939Balthazard et al. Paper 29613.4 The Claimed Equivalence of Deposits Diameters and Drop Diameters 29613.5 Ambiguous Trace Configurations 29713.5.1 Configuration Issues 29713.5.2 Fabric Issues 29813.6 Issues with Interpretation of Asymmetrical Blood Projections from Impacts 302References 30214 Resources 30514.1 Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Groups 30514.1.1 SWGSTAIN 30614.1.2 NIST OSAC Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Subcommittee 30814.1.3 Organizations 30914.2 Publications and Other Information Sources 31014.2.1 Journals 31014.2.2 Newsletters 31114.2.3 Books 31114.2.4 Internet Resources 31114.3 Training and Education 31114.3.1 Continuing Education 31214.4 Proficiency Tests 312References 31215 Concluding Remarks and Looking to the Future 31515.1 Importance of Science on the Front End 31515.2 The Integration of Physical Evidence with Police Investigations 31615.3 Troubling Developments and Perceptions 31715.4 Testing Facilities & the Creeping Inversion 31815.5 The Pernicious Effects and Fallout from Bloodstain Workshops 31915.6 Future Directions 320References 323BIBLIOGRAPHY 325APPENDIX1: FUNDAMENTALS REVISITED 341

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Peter R. De Forest is Professor Emeritus of Criminalistics at the John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York. He has served as a scientific consultant on physical evidence issues for over sixty years.Peter A. Pizzola is the former Laboratory Director and Assistant Commissioner of the New York City Police Crime Laboratory, former manager of the NYC Office of the Chief Medical Examiner Special Investigations Unit and Commanding Officer (retired) of the Yonkers Police Forensic Lab/Crime Scene Unit.Brooke W. Kammrath is an Associate Professor of Forensic Science at the University of New Haven and Assistant Director of the Henry C. Lee Institute of Forensic Science. She also serves as a scientific consultant and expert witness for both criminal and civil cases.