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For many years, traditional approaches to the study of leadership have reflected three common assumptions: First, leadership is a property of the leaders; second, there is a clear distinction between leaders and followers; and third, leadership is associated with a position in some traditional or formal hierarchy. It is only in the last decade or so that new approaches have started to emerge with the purpose of replacing the dominant leader-centered approach to studying, developing and practicing leadership. In addition, there is a growing recognition in the field of leadership...

The majority of leadership theories and studies have tended to emphasize the personal background, personality traits, perceptions, and actions of leaders. From this perspective, the followers have been viewed as recipients or moderators of the leader's influence, and as vehicles for the actualization of the leader's vision, mission or goals. One of the major challengers of this dominant view was the late James R. Meindl. As an alternative to the leader-centric perspective on leadership, Meindl offered a follower-centric approach that views both leadership and its consequences as largely...

The majority of leadership theories and studies have tended to emphasize the personal background, personality traits, perceptions, and actions of leaders. From this perspective, the followers have been viewed as recipients or moderators of the leader's influence, and as vehicles for the actualization of the leader's vision, mission or goals. One of the major challengers of this dominant view was the late James R. Meindl. As an alternative to the leader-centric perspective on leadership, Meindl offered a follower-centric approach that views both leadership and its consequences as largely...