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The most frequent single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of MDR1 gene (in exons 12, 21 and 26) were reported to contribute to the drug resistance in many tumors. The main objectives of this study were to establish the feasible tools for screening of these three most frequent polymorphisms and to investigate the distribution of these polymorphisms in Malay leukemic patients. DNA samples were collected from Malay patients diagnosed as leukemia was subjected to dHPLC and RFLP analyses. From the results, 25 (25.7%) of the patients showed heterozygous mutation, 7 (6.7%) wild type, while 2 (1.9%)...

Organoid Technology for Disease Modelling and Personalised Treatment provides a comprehensive overview of current knowledge of the organoid as a human-organ-in-a-dish, a powerful new technology for studying fundamental aspects of human organ development and disease progression in the search for drugs for personalised treatment. This preclinical tool is extensively being utilised as a model for studying human diseases in a dish, which is critical for accurate predictive modelling in precision medicine. The chapters in this book introduces readers to the numerous applications of organoids in...