Optical Fiber Sensors for the Next Generation of Rehabilitation Robotics

ISBN-13: 9780323859523 / Angielski / Miękka / 2021 / 316 str.

Arnaldo Leal-Junior; Anselmo Frizera-Neto

Spis treści

Preface ix

Part I

Introduction to soft robotics and rehabilitation systems

1. Introduction and overview of wearable technologies

1.1 Motivation 3

1.2 Wearable robotics and assistive devices 10

1.3 Wearable sensors and monitoring devices 14

1.4 Outline of the book 18

References 21

2. Soft wearable robots

2.1 Soft robots: definitions and (bio)medical applications 27

2.2 Soft robots for rehabilitation and functional compensation 30

2.3 Human-in-the-loop design of soft structures and healthcare systems 34

2.3.1 Human-in-the-loop systems 34

2.3.2 Human-in-the-loop applications and current trends 37

2.3.3 Human-in-the-loop design in soft wearable robots 39

2.4 Current trends and future approaches in wearable soft robots 43

References 46

3. Gait analysis: overview, trends, and challenges

3.1 Human gait 53

3.2 Gait cycle: definitions and phases 56

3.2.1 Kinematics and dynamics of human gait 57

3.3 Gait analysis systems: fixed systems and wearable sensors 58

References 61

Part II

Introduction to optical fiber sensing

4. Optical fiber fundaments and overview

4.1 Historical perspective 67

4.2 Light propagation in optical waveguides 69

4.3 Optical fiber properties and types 72

4.4 Passive and active components in optical fiber systems 76

4.4.1 Light sources 77

4.4.2 Photodetectors 77

4.4.3 Optical couplers 79

4.4.4 Optical circulators 80

4.4.5 Spectrometers and optical spectrum analyzers 81

4.5 Optical fiber fabrication and connection methods 83

4.5.1 Fabrication methods 84

4.5.2 Optical fiber connectorization approaches 87

References 89

5. Optical fiber materials

5.1 Optically transparent materials 93

5.2 Viscoelasticity overview 96

5.3 Dynamic mechanical analysis in polymer optical fibers 101

5.3.1 DMA on PMMA solid core POF 103

5.3.2 Dynamic characterization of CYTOP fibers 107

5.4 Influence of optical fiber treatments on polymer properties 111

References 115

6. Optical fiber sensing technologies

6.1 Intensity variation sensors 119

6.1.1 Macrobending sensors 120

6.1.2 Light coupling-based sensors 125

6.1.3 Multiplexed intensity variation sensors 127

6.2 Interferometers 129

6.3 Gratings-based sensors 133

6.4 Compensation techniques and cross-sensitivity mitigation in optical fiber sensors 138

References 143

Part III

Optical fiber sensors in rehabilitation systems

7. Wearable robots instrumentation

7.1 Optical fiber sensors on exoskeleton's instrumentation 151

7.2 Exoskeleton's angle assessment applications with intensity variation sensors 152

7.2.1 Case study: active lower limb orthosis for rehabilitation

(ALLOR) 156

7.2.2 Case study: modular exoskeleton 157

7.3 Human-robot interaction forces assessment with Fiber Bragg

Gratings 160

7.4 Interaction forces and microclimate assessment with intensity variation sensors 166

References 172

8. Smart structures and textiles for gait analysis

8.1 Optical fiber sensors for kinematic parameters assessment 175

8.1.1 Intensity variation-based sensors for joint angle

assessment 175

8.1.2 Fiber Bragg gratings sensors with tunable filter

interrogation for joint angle assessment 178

8.2 Instrumented insole for plantar pressure distribution and ground reaction forces evaluation 183

8.2.1 Fiber Bragg grating insoles 183

8.2.2 Multiplexed intensity variation-based sensors for smart

insoles 188

8.3 Spatiotemporal parameters estimation using integrated optical fiber sensors 198

References 199

9. Soft robotics and compliant actuators instrumentation

9.1 Series elastic actuators instrumentation 201

9.1.1 Torque measurement with intensity variation sensors 202

9.1.2 Torque measurement with intensity variation sensors 206

9.2 Tendon-driven actuators instrumentation 212

9.2.1 Artificial tendon instrumentation with highly flexible

optical fibers 213

References 217

Part IV

Case studies and additional applications

10. Wearable multifunctional smart textiles

10.1 Optical fiber embedded-textiles for physiological parameters monitoring 223

10.1.1 Breath and heart rates monitoring 224

10.1.2 Body temperature assessment 232

10.2 Smart textile for multiparameter sensing and activities monitoring 234

10.3 Optical fiber-embedded smart clothing for mechanical perturbation and physical interaction detection 239

References 241

11. Smart walker's instrumentation and development with compliant optical fiber sensors

11.1 Smart walkers' technology overview 245

11.2 Smart walker embedded sensors for physiological parameters assessment 247

11.2.1 System description 247

11.2.2 Preliminary validation 250

11.2.3 Experimental validation 252

11.3 Multiparameter quasidistributed sensing in a smart walker structure 252

11.3.1 Experimental validation 252

11.3.2 Experimental validation 256

References 260

12. Optical fiber sensors applications for human health

12.1 Robotic surgery 263

12.2 Biosensors 269

12.2.1 Introduction to biosensing 269

12.2.2 Background on optical fiber biosensing working

principles 271

12.2.3 Biofunctionalization strategies for fiber immunosensors 276

12.2.4 Immunosensing applications in medical biomarkers

detection 279

References 282

13. Conclusions and outlook

13.1 Summary 287

13.2 Final remarks and outlook 290

Index 293

O autorze

Arnaldo G. Leal-Junior was born in Uberlandia, Brazil, in 1991. He received the B.S. degree in mechanical engineering and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Brazil, in 2015 and 2018, respectively. He is currently a professor in the mechanical engineering Department, UFES. His research interests include optical fiber sensors with emphasis on polymer optical fiber sensors, robotic systems, instrumentation and actuators. Anselmo Frizera-Neto received his B.S. degree in Electrical Engineering from the Federal University of Espírito Santo (2006) and the PhD degree in Electronics from the Universidad de Alcalá (Spain, 2010). Between 2006 and 2010, he worked as a researcher at the Bioengineering Group at the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC, Spain). Since 2010 he is a Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering at the Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES). He served as a member of the Board of Directors of the Asociación Iberoamericana de Tecnologías de Apoyo a la Discapacidad (AITADIS) from 2014 to 2018, contributing to support the dissemination of knowledge in the area of ??assistive technologies to countries in Latin America and the Iberian Peninsula. His research interests and areas of expertise are rehabilitation robotics, development of optical and electronic sensors for human-machine interfaces, biomedical signal processing, technologies to support disabilities and assist mobility.