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In the Philippines, civil society and social movements were traditionally viewed as robust pro-democratic actors and bulwarks of democracy. Under Duterte, however, democratic norms and institutions were undermined, resulting in an autocratizing episode that used threats, repression, coercion and outright violence.

The scholarly literature on democratic resilience has conventionally relied on pro-democratic actors such as elected politicians from the opposition and civil society to restore democratic credentials and recalibrate the regime after autocratization.

While...