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Diabetic retinopathy is now recognized as an inflammatory and neuro-vascular complication, with neuronal injury/dysfunction preceding clinical microvascular damage. Importantly, the same pathophysiological mechanisms that damage the pancreatic beta-cell (such as inflammation, epigenetic changes, insulin resistance, fuel excess, and abnormal metabolic environment) also lead to cell and tissue damage, causing organ dysfunction and elevating the risk of all complications, including diabetic retinopathy. Viewing diabetic retinopathy within the context of diabetes and its complications arising...