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During the general European crisis of the 17th century, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth broke down into a civil war fired by regional, social, political, linguistic and religious differences. Reacting to the rising dominance of Catholic Poland, the aristocratic faction of the Lithuanian secessionists, many of who were firm Protestants, revolted and sought an ally in Sweden, which was the strongest power in the Baltic Sea area. The Swedes for their part were eager to find allies in their effort to control the Eastern Baltic, but misjudged the sensitive situation. This alliance was...