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The reliable detection of water and ice over road and runway surfaces is an important issue in improving traffic safety and reducing maintenance costs, especially during winter. A literature analysis showed that different ice detection systems were developed, based on different methods, but none of them seems to be efficient for the identication of water and ice on road surfaces. A low cost capacitive sensor for the estimation of road conditions was studied. In general, the capacitance value of an electrode assembly depends on the geometrical conguration and dimensions of the electrodes, and...