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The increasingly stringent limitations on emission levels imply more narrow tolerances of operations, such that diesel engines have to be continuously monitored in order to ensure the optimality of the operating conditions. For this purpose, the knowledge of the engine outputs is a fundamental prerequisite. This knowledge could be gained either with real sensors or with virtual ones, i.e., with real-time mathematical models. Currently, the only engine-output sensors commercially available are those for measuring Lambda and the NOx concentration level. The aim of this work is thus to explore...