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The 1880s marked the beginning of a remarkable interest to bring changes in second language teaching in Europe, and the 1960s and 1970s the appearance of different innovative language teaching practices in different parts of the world. In the 1980s, the CLT theories and practices gained popularity all over the world within a short period of time, and countries recommended the use of CLT methodologies in language classrooms. However, a lot of problems encountered the practical implementation of CLT techniques in classrooms, particularly in the third world. Based on reviews and research...

Learning strategies are essential elements of learning which contribute a lot to the attainment of the main goal of language that is communicative competence. They are specific actions taken by the learners in response to language learning problems. For instance, guessing the meaning of a word, organizing, planning, evaluating and interacting are some among others. They also allow learners to become more self-directed and help learners to take control of their own learning. They involve many aspects of the learner, not just the cognitive strategies, but also affective and social...