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Today, the proton is seen as a dynamic system with three valence quarks and a sea of quarks and antiquarks that radiate gluons and gluons that split into quark-antiquark pairs or into two gluons. These processes are described by the theory of the strong force --- the Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). This book presents a study of the structure of proton as probed at HERA (Hadron Electron Ring Accelerator) using a set of parton distribution functions (PDFs) based on self-similarity. This new approach to study the proton structure by looking at the fractal patterns in the parton densities at small...

The study of Parton distribution functions (PDFs) is necessary to understand the internal structure of protons and other hadrons. PDFs describe how the proton's momentum is distributed among its constituent quarks and gluons, and they are essential inputs for making predictions at particle colliders like the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Over the years, several global PDF sets, viz. CTEQ/CT, NNPDF and MSTW/MMHT/MSHT collaborations have been developed based on a variety of experimental data and theoretical frameworks. This book explores the comparative graphical studies of global PDFs and...