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This book introduces the first step toward the implementation of the first new invented ghost radar at the world. It explains how the genetic algorithm is implemented through actual antenna arrays for direction of arrival estimation algorithm within the smart antenna systems. Smart antenna system is one of the most important systems in the wireless communication systems. Direction of arrival estimation algorithm has a necessary role to correctly define the direction of arrivals of the desired signals.Recently, the optimization methods are used broadly in the techniques for the direction of...

The population occupies, in the hierarchy of life, an intermediate level between that of individuals and that of communities. We can define a population as a set of individuals of the same species who share a common habitat (and a community as a set of populations of different species, sharing a common habitat). Under these two apparently simple criteria (conspecificity, cohabitation) lies in fact a vast potential often complex interactions, linked in particular to the needs of reproduction, the inevitability of competition, or even the opportunities for cooperation.The study of populations...