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A new biolistic gene gun for micromolecular drug delivery to human skin has been developed and numerically tested. The device generates supersonic flow to accelerate the mediated microparticles to sufficient speeds to breach the outer human skin layer. The device is referred to as CDN-WPI and consists of; a high pressure gas tank, a convergent-divergent nozzle (C-D), and a constant area mixing duct. The mediated microparticles are entrained from a parallel inlet after the exit of the C-D nozzle. The gas from the high pressure tank accelerates through the C-D nozzle to supersonic speeds which...

The backward facing steps nozzle (BFSN) is a new developed flow adjustable exit area nozzle for large rocket engines. It consists of two parts, the first is a base nozzle with small area ratio and the second part is a nozzle extension with surface consists of backward facing steps. The number of steps and their heights are carefully chosen to produce controlled flow separation at steps edges that adjust the nozzle exit area at all altitudes (pressure ratios). The BFSN performance parameters are assessed numerically in terms of thrust and side loads against the dual-bell nozzle (DBN) with the...