Water Resources of Turkey

ISBN-13: 9783030117283 / Angielski / Twarda / 2019 / 545 str.

Nilgun B. Harmancioglu; Dogan Altinbilek

Spis treści

I.             Introduction (Nilgun B. Harmancioglu)

 

II.            Water Works of Ancient Civilizations (Unal Ozis, Ahmet Alkan, Yalcin Ozdemir)

 

III.           Water Resources Development (Dogan Altinbilek, Murat Ali Hatipoglu)

 

3.1.      General Characteristics

3.2      Development of Water Resources during Republic Era (1923, 1954, 2003, present)

3.3       Evaluation of Water Sufficiency

3.4       Role and Importance of Water for National Development

3.5       Problems and Outlook for the Future

 

IV.          Climate and Drought (Murat Turkes)

 

·       General Physiographic Features  of Turkey

·       General Meteorology and Climatology

·       Köppen-Geiger Climate Types

·       Aridity Index (or Rainfall Efficiency) 

·       Drought Probability and Recent Drought Events

·       General Soil Characteristics with respect to Climate

 

V.           Hydrology of Surface Waters (Hafzullah Aksoy)

5.1. Introduction

5.2. Hydrological Watersheds in Turkey

5.3. Watershed-based analysis

5.4. Statistical Characteristics

5.4.1. General statistical characteristics

5.4.1. Trend analysis

5.4.3. Flood analysis

5.5. Discussion / Perspectives / Conclusion

 

 

 

VI.          Groundwater (Hasan Yazicigil & Mehmet Ekmekci)

 

·         General Features

·         Topography and Morphology

·         Climate and Hydrologic Basins

·         Geological Setting

·         Water Bearing Formations and Types of Aquifers

Alluvial Plain Aquifers

Fractured Rock Aquifers

Karst and Karstic Aquifers

·         Groundwater Use By Sectors

Domestic Use

Agricultural Use

Industrial Use

Commercial Use: Bottled Waters

Thermal and Mineral Waters

·         Historical Perspective of Groundwater Resources Development In Turkey

Institutional Infrastructure

Groundwater Legislation

Exploration and Resources Assessment

·         Groundwater Management: State of Practice

·         Implementation of EU-Water Framework Directive for Sustainable Management of Groundwater Resources in Turkey

·         Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems and Sustainable Management

·         References

 

VII.         Water quality (Orhan Uslu)

·       Surface waters

·       Coastal zone management

·       Marine water pollution

·       Groundwater quality

·       Effects of anthropogenic effects on water resources

·       Water Quality Legislation

·       International Relations

 

 VIII.       Water Potential of Turkey (Bulent Selek, Hakan Aksu)

 

8.1          Introduction

8.2.        Precipitation

 

8.3.        Evapotranspiration

 

8.4.        Groundwater

 

8.5.        Surface water

 

8.6.        Water Budget

  

IX.          Agricultural Water Use (Mahmut Cetin)

Abstract

·         Introduction

·         Soil Resources and Limiting Factors Regarding Irrigated Agriculture

·         Institutional Framework in Irrigation Developments

·         Progress Achieved in Irrigation Development

Irrigation Schemes and Areas by Sources of Water

     Irrigated Areas by Surface Water Sources

Irrigated Areas by Groundwater Sources

Areal Extent of Irrigated Areas by Years

Water Use by Agricultural Sector

·         Implications of Large-scale Irrigation Schemes’ Evaluation

Contradictions to the Expectations

Technical and Practical Dilemmas

·         Crop Water Requirements: the “Two-Step” Approach

o   Reference Crop Evapotranspiration (ETo) Estimation for:

Planning purposes of irrigation projects

Management purposes of irrigation schemes

o   Crop Evapotranspiration under Standard Conditions (ETc)

·         Spatial Variation in Crop Evapotranspiration

Crop Evapotranspiration by Regions

Examples from Irrigation Experiments

Seasonal Irrigation Requirements

·         Management of Irrigation Schemes

o   Legal Status

o   Irrigation Management Organisations

·         Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

 

 

X.           Water and Energy (Unal Ozis & Ertugrul Benzeden)

Abstract

1. INTRODUCTION

       2. RENEWABLE ENERGY AND WATER POWER

      3. PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCES

      4. CLEAN ENERGY AND HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS

      5. TYPES OF WATER POWER SCHEMES

      6. DISCHARGE REGULATION AND DAMS

      7. PEAK CAPACITY SUPPLY

      8. HYDROELECTRIC POTENTIAL

      9. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF WATER RESOURCES

      10. FEATURES FOR AND AGAINST WATER POWER

      11. CONCLUSION

      Acknowledgment

      References

 

 

 

XI.          Urban, Industrial, Environmental and Other Water Uses (Selmin Burak, Hakan Mat)

 

MUNICIPAL WATER USE

1.    Regular municipalities

2.    Metropolitan Municipalities

3.    Rural Area

 

INDUSTRIAL WATER USE

1.    Large Industries

2.    Organised industrial district

3.    State-owned Industries / Scattered commercial premises/small-scale industries

 

WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT

      1-Sewerage network

      2- Wastewater treatment and disposal

      3- Sludge treatment and disposal

 

INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE OF MUNICIPAL WATER MANAGEMENT (S. Burak & Hakan Mat)

1.    Legislation, standards, enforcement

2.    Finance

 

ENVIRONMENTAL WATER

 

OTHER WATER USES (non-conventional water use / alternative water sources

 

XII.         Legal and institutional structure of water management (Aysegul Kibaroglu)

·       Overview

·       Principal Water Legislation

·       Main Water Institutions

·       Turkey’s Water Diplomacy Framework

 

XIII.       Transboundary River Basins (Unal Ozis)

Abstract

·         Introduction

·         Transboundary River Basins of Turkey

·         Water Potential of the Euphrates – Tigris Basin

·         Development of the Euphrates – Tigris Basin

·         Impact of Flow Regulation by Dams in Turkey

·         Issues among Riparians

·         Water Demands of the Riparians

·         Equitable and Reasonable Use of Euphrates – Tigris Basin Water Potential

·         Conclusion

Acknowledgment

References

 

XIV.      Basin management (Bulent Selek, Zeliha Selek, Nilgun B. Harmancioglu, Cem Cetinkaya, Filiz Barbaros)

 

·         Abstract

·         Introduction

·         Preparation of River Basin Management Plans in Turkey

·       Water resources and socio-economic development

·       Water security and sustainability

·       Stakeholder participation

·       Water-energy-food nexus

 

XV.        Impacts of Climate Change (Murat Türkeş, Tufan Turp, Nazan An, Tuğba Öztürk and Levent Kurnaz)

·         Projected Changes in Precipitation Climatology using RegCM4.4

·         Evaluation of Precipitation Extremes under Climate Change

·         Evaluation of Aridity Conditions under Climate Change

 

 

XVI.      Challenges for the future (Nilgun B. Harmancioglu)

O autorze

Prof.Dr. Nilgun B. Harmancioglu, a Professor of Hydrology and Water Resources, was actively involved in teaching and research at DEU Faculty of Engineering from 1976 to 2017 (formerly the Aegean University from1976 to 1982). She received her BSc. in Civil Engineering in 1973, MSc. in Water Resources Engineering in 1976, and her PhD. in Hydrology and Water Resources in 1981. She was promoted to full Professor at DEU Faculty of Engineering Civil Engineering Department in 1992. She pursued her post-doctoral studies first at Ecole National Superieure des Mines de Paris, Centre d'Informatique Geologique, Laboratoire d'Hydrogeologie Mathematique Paris, (1980-1981), and then at George Washington University, School of Engineering and Applied Science, International Water Resources Institute (1984-86), where she also worked as a research associate.

Dr. Harmancioglu's basic areas of research are water resources management, simulation of hydrologic processes and information theory as applied to water resources, and she has published over 350 articles in these areas, 70% of which are in English. She has also published and edited 4 books and has contributed to several international conferences and symposia as a co-director, lecturer and member of organization committees She has been involved in various research projects funded by NATO, IWMI, the British Council, EU Framework Programs the State Planning Agency, DEU, and TUBITAK (Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey). She was also a member of the Theme Advisory Board for the UNESCO IHP-VI Program between 2002 and 2007. She was awarded distinguished membership of the EWRA (European Water Resources Association) in 2015 for her sustained and outstanding contributions to the scientific field of water resources management, and her continuous service to society.

Blurb

This book provides an in-depth description of water resources of Turkey, a country with a unique geographical location, extending from the Mediterranean in Europe to the Middle East. Its varying geography, topography, hydrology, geology and climate are reflected in the diverse characteristics of its water basins. Furthermore, due to its geographical location, Turkey has a significant number of transboundary river basins and has to share its water resources with its neighbors, an issue that can sometimes lead to water conflicts.

Turkey is also an interesting example of a developing country that is attempting to adapt to universal water management strategies while at the same time facing legal, institutional, economic and capacity development problems. It has long remained a water-rich country, but the situation is now changing due to the increasing population, inefficient use of resources, and the impacts of climate change and environmental degradation.

This book is useful for national and international organizations as well as water resources professionals. It takes on an added significance in the light of climate change in the region, water management problems and transboundary water basins.