Water Resources and Integrated Management of the United Arab Emirates

ISBN-13: 9783030316860 / Angielski / Miękka / 2021 / 850 str.

Abdulrahman S. Alsharhan; Zeinelabidin E. Rizk

Spis treści

List of Figures

List of Tables

List of Photographs

Preface

Acknowledgments

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 Why this Book?

1.2 Water Resources

1.2.1 Water Resources in the World

1.2.2 Water Resources in Continents

1.2.3 Water Resources in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region

Part I Geomorphology and Geology

Chapter 2 Geomorphology

2.1 Mountains

2.2 Gravel Plains

2.3 Sand Dunes

2.4 Coastal Areas

2.5 Drainage Basins

2.6 Salt-Plug Islands

Chapter 3 Geology

3.1 General Overview of Aquifer Systems

3.2 Geologic History and Hydrogeologic Characteristics

3.3 Paleozic Era

3.3.1 Triassic

3.3.2 Jurassic

3.4 Mesozoic Era

3.4.1 Lower Cretaceous

3.4.2 Middle Cretaceous

3.4.3 Upper Cretaceous

3.5 Cenozoic Era

3.6 Geologic Structures

3.6.1 Surface Geologic Structures

3.6.1.1 Ru'us Al Jibal

3.6.1.2 Dibba Zone

3.6.1.3 Northern Ophiolite Zone

3.6.1.4 Southern Ophiolite Zone

3.6.1.5 Hatta Zone

3.6.1.6 Wadi Ham Line

3.6.1.7 Al Fayah Mountains

3.6.1.8 Al Ain Mountains

3.6.1.9 Salt Domes

3.6.2 Subsurface Geologic Structures

Part II Climatic Conditions and Water Balance

Chapter 4 Climatic Conditions

4.1 Solar Radiation

4.2 Air Temperature

4.3 Relative Humidity

4.4 Wind Speed

4.5 Evaporation

4.6 Evapotranspiration

4.7 Rainfall

Chapter 5 Water Balance

5.1 Climatic Water Balance

5.2 Groundwater Recharge

5.3 Hydraulic Conductivity

5.4 Infiltration Capacity

Part III Conventional Water Resources

Section A Surface Water Resources

Chapter 6 Floods

6.1 Morphometry

6.2 Surface Runoff

6.3 Rainfall - Runoff Relationship

6.4 Estimation of Runoff Volume

6.5 Flash Floods

6.6 Flash Flood Hazards

6.7 Recharge Dams

Chapter 7 Springs

7.1 Locations of UAE Springs

7.2 Hydrogeologic Conditions

7.3 Hydrogeochemical Properties

7.4 Uses of Spring Water

Chapter 8 Aflaj

8.1 History

8.2 Construction

8.3 Maintenance

8.4 Administration

8.5 Discharge

8.6 Water Quality

8.7 Water Use

Section B Groundwater Resources

Chapter 9 Limestone Aquifers

9.1 Wadi Al Bih Limestone Aquifer

9.1.1 Hydrogeologic Conditions

9.1.2 Hydrogeochemical Properties

9.1.3 Isotope Hydrology

9.1.4 Evaluation of Water Quality

9.1.5 Water Problems

9.2 Jabal Hafit Limestone Aquifer

9.2.1 Hydrogeologic Conditions

9.2.2 Hydrogeochemical Properties

9.2.3 Isotope Hydrology

9.2.4 Hydrothermal Energy of Groundwater

9.2.5 Water Uses

9.3 Limestone Aquifers in the Western Region

9.3.1 Simsima Aquifer

9.3.2 Umm Radhuma Aquifer

9.3.3 Dammam Aquifer

Chapter 10 Ophiolite Aquifer

10.1 Geomorphology

10.2 Morphometry

10.3 Geologic Conditions

10.4 Geologic Structures

10.5 Hydrogeologic Conditions

10.6 Effect of Lineaments on Groundwater Levels

10.7 Effect of Lineaments of Groundwater Chemistry

Chapter 11 Gravel Aquifers

11.1 Eastern Gravel Aquifer

11.1.1 Geomorphology and Geology

11.1.2 Hydrogeologic Conditions

11.1.3 Hydrogeochemical Properties

11.1.4 Isotope Hydrology

11.1.5 Water Uses

11.2 Western Gravel Aquifer

11.2.1 Hydrogeologic Conditions

11.2.2 Hydrogeochemical Properties

11.2.3 Isotope Hydrology

11.2.4 Groundwater Evaluation

Chapter 12 Sand Aquifers

12.1 Hydrogeologic Conditions

12.2 Hydrogeochemical Properties

12.3 Isotope Hydrology

Chapter 13 Gravel and Sand Aquifers

13.1 Geomorphology and Geology

13.2 Hydrogeologic Conditions

13.2.1 Groundwater Flow Systems

13.3 Hydrogeochemical Properties

13.3.1 Major Ions

13.3.2 Dissolved Hypothetical Salts

13.3.3 Groundwater Types

13.3.4 Hydrochemical Ratios

13.3.5 Water Uses

13.4 Isotope Hydrology

Part IV Non-Conventional Water Resources

Chapter 14 Desalination Water

14.1 Desalination Technologies

14.2 Development of Demand for Desalinated Water

14.3 Evolution of Desalination Industry

14.4 Water Desalination in the UAE

14.5 Local Condition and Desalination Process

14.5.1 Nature of Feed Water

14.5.2 Economic Factor

14.5.3 Cogeneration

14.5.4 Availability of Spare Parts

14.5.5 Operation and Availability of Spare Parts

14.5.6 Proximity to the Sea

14.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Desalination

14.6.1 Advantages of Water Desalination

14.6.2 Disadvantages of Water Desalination

14.7 Impact of Pollution on Water Desalination

14.7.1 Thermal Pollution

14.7.2 Oil Pollution

14.7.3 Metal Pollution

14.7.4 Salinity Problems

14.8 Economics of Desalination Industry

Chapter 15 Treated Sewage Water

15.1 Advantages of Treated Sewage Water

15.2 Limitations of Treated Sewage Water Use

15.3 Evolution of Treated Sewage Water Use in UAE

Part V Water Problems

Chapter 16 General Water Problems

16.1 Surface Water Problems

16.2 Groundwater Problems

16.2.1 Scarcity

16.2.2 Aquifer Depletion

16.2.3 Increasing Groundwater Salinity

16.2.4 Salt-Water Intrusion

16.2.5 Water Hardness

16.2.6 Water Pollution

16.3 Problems of Water Desalination

16.4 Problems of Treated Sewage Water

Chapter 17 Drinking Water Problems

17.1 Drinking Water Standards

17.2 Sources of Drinking Water in the UAE

17.3 Hydrogen Ion Concentration and Salinity

17.4 Major Ions

17.5 Minor Ions

17.6 Trace Constituents

17.7 Comparison of Drinking Water in the UAE with International Standards

Chapter 18 Pollution of the Quaternary Sand Aquifer

18.1 Field Measurements and Laboratory Analyses

18.2 Sources of Groundwater Pollution

18.2.1 Point Pollution Sources

18.2.2 Non-Point Pollution Sources

18.3 Natural Conditions and Groundwater Pollution

18.3.1 Geographic Location

18.3.2 Climate

18.3.3 Hydrogeologic Conditions

18.3.4 Hydrogeochemical Properties

18.4 Impact of Water Quality on Desalination Plants

18.5 Human Activities and Groundwater Pollution

18.5.1 Urban Activities

18.5.2 Agricultural Activities

18.6 Control of Groundwater Pollution

Part VI Integrated Water Resources Management

Chapter 19 Water Conservation

19.1 Technological Solutions and Social Practices

19.2 Controlling Water Wastage

19.3 Minimizing Water Loss

19.4 Sequential Water Use

19.5 Awareness

Chapter 20 Water Harvesting

20.1 Harvesting of Surface Water

20.1.1 Artificial Rain

20.1.2 Cloud Seeding

20.1.3 Harvesting Rainwater

20.1.4 Barriers

20.1.5 Habisas

20.1.6 Berkas

20.1.7 Recharge Dams

20.2 Groundwater Harvesting

20.2.1 Aflaj

20.2.2 Artificial Recharge

20.2.3 Aquifer Storage and Recovery

20.2.4 Subsurface Dams

Chapter 21 Advanced Agricultural Technologies

21.1 Modern Irrigation Systems

21.1.1 Drip Irrigation

21.1.2 Sprinkler Irrigation

21.1.3 Bubbler Irrigation

21.2 Protected Agriculture

21.3 Biosaline Agriculture

Part VII Modern Techniques in Water Studies

Chapter 22 Remote Sensing

22.1 Image Processing

22.2 Image Enhancement

22.3 Information Extraction

22.3.1 Infiltration Rate

22.3.2 Uniformity Coefficient

22.3.3 Classification of Dune and Interdune Areas

22.3.4 Calculation of Natural Evaporation

Chapter 23 Geographic Information Systems

23.1 Topography and Geology

23.1.1 Topography

23.1.2 Geology

23.2 Hydrogeology and Hydrogeochemistry

23.2.1 Hydrogeologic Conditions

23.2.2 Hydrogeochemical Properties

23.3 Geographic Information Systems Model

23.3.1 Model Construction

23.3.2 Model Inputs

23.3.3 Model Outputs

Chapter 24 Natural Isotopes

24.1 Natural Isotopes in Rainwater

24.2 Origin and Age of Groundwater

24.3 Natural Isotopes in Groundwater24.3.1 Natural Isotopes in Wadi Al Bih Limestone Aquifer

24.3.2 Natural Isotopes in Jabal Hafit Limestone Aquifer

24.3.3 Natural Isotopes in the Eastern Gravel Aquifer

24.3.4 Natural Isotopes in the Western Gravel Aquifer

24.3.5 Natural Isotopes in the Sand Aquifer

24.4 Sources of Increasing Groundwater Salinity

24.5 Sources of Groundwater Pollution in the Western Region

24.6 Efficiency of Groundwater Recharge Dams

Chapter 25 Modelling Techniques

25.1 Wadi Al Bih Groundwater Flow Model

25.1.1 Model Assumptions

25.1.2 Aquifer Boundaries

25.1.3 Model Inputs

25.1.4 Simulations

25.1.5 Model Calibration

25.1.6 Model Predictions

25.2 Groundwater Flow Models for the Al Ain Area

25.2.1 Al Jaww Plain Model

25.2.2 Western Gravel Aquifer Model

Chapter 26 Water Laws in the United Arab Emirates

26.1 Water Ministries and Agencies

26.1.1 Ministry of Environment and Water

26.1.2 Ministry of Energy

26.1.3 General Water Resources Agency

26.2 Federal Water Resources Agencies

26.2.1 Federal Electricity and Water Agency

26.2.2 Ministry of Environment and Water

26.2.3 Federal Environmental Agency

26.2.4 Water Resources Studies Authority

26.2.5 Abu Dhabi Water and Electricity Authority

26.2.6 Dubai Electricity and Water Authority

26.2.7 Sharjah Electricity and Water Authority

26.3 Legal and Institutional Changes in Water Use in the UAE

26.4 Federal Water Law

26.4.1 Justification of a Federal Water Law

26.4.2 Proposed Federal Law for Water Protection and Development

Chapter 27 General Summary

References

O autorze

Abdulrahman S. Alsharhan obtained his PhD in Geology from the University of South Carolina, USA in 1985. Currently, he is Emeritus Professor of Geology and consultant on Middle East petroleum systems, water, and environment. He has over 35 years of experience in the oil industry and academia, serving as a professor and the Dean of College of Science at United Arab Emirates University. He has published 8 books and more than 100 scientific papers in international journals and he has presented over 60 abstracts at several international conferences and meetings. His main research interests are petroleum geology of the Middle East, water resources and integrated management, climate changes, and desertification of the Arabian Gulf Region. He was the first UAE national to be promoted as professor, based on his academic teaching and his administration, research, participation, organization, and chairing sessions in regional and international events. He has served as reviewer and editorial board member of a number of international journals and is a member of the Third World Academy of Sciences, the Board of Trustees at Ajman University, UAE, the Board of Trustees at American University in Ras Al Khaimah, UAE, and an honorary member of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists. Alsharhan's career has been diverse, serving in government, consultancy, and academia.

Zeinelabidin E. Rizk obtained his PhD in Hydrogeology from the South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, South Dakota, USA in 1990. Currently, he is the Acting Vice Chancellor for Academic Affairs and Acting Dean of Graduate Studies and Research, University of Science and Technology of Fujairah, United Arab Emirates. He has been employed at Ajman University of Science and Technology since 2000, working as Dean of the Institute of Environment, Water and Energy and as a member of the Board of Trustees. Currently, he teaches courses in geology, environmental sciences and innovation. He has taught courses at Menoufia University, Egypt, United Arab Emirates University, and Ajman University of Science and Technology during his entire career while also maintaining active research and consulting activities. His current research interests are water, energy and food nexus, integrated water resources management and water policies and legislations. Rizk has co-authored two books and has published over 80 scientific papers in local, regional and international journals. 

Blurb

This book provides an inventory of water resources, describes water challenges, and suggests methodologies and technologies for integrated water resources management in the UAE. It also summarizes efforts of water conservation and management, and modern approaches for improvement of water resources management and decision-making related to this valuable resource. The authors are specialized in geology and hydrogeology and have been teaching and conducting scientific research on water resources in the UAE for the last three decades. 

This book represents the main reference on water resources in the UAE for academia, researchers, professionals, students and the general public.