Ultrasound in Synthesis

ISBN-13: 9783642746741 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 133 str.

Steven V. Ley; Caroline M. R. Low

Opis

The effects of heat and light on chemical reactions have long been known and un- derstood. Ultrasound has been known to promote chemical reactions for the past 60 years, but despite this, it did not attract the attention of synthetic chemists until recently. This arose historically from early studies which concentrated almost exclu- sively on reactions in aqueous media and was also, in some measure, due to the availability of suitable technology. Since the early 1980s a plethora of literature has appeared of direct interest to synthetic chemists and the field has been developing rapidly. The aim of this book is to bring the background of this fascinating field to the atten- tion of a wider audience. It explores the literature to date and attempts to indicate other areas in which ultrasound may be exploited. It also hopes to explode some of the myths surrounding this area which have hitherto been regarded by the synthetic community as a bit of a black art Existing books and reviews have tended to concentrate on the physics of sonochem- istry and to catalogue the instances in which ultrasound has proved useful in tack- ling synthetic problems. Our aim has been to stress the relevance of this technique to synthetic chemists and we have included a section which deals with the practical aspects of carrying out these reactions.

Spis treści

1 Introduction.- 2 The Physical Basis of Sonochemistry.- 2.1 The Origin of Sonochemical Reactivity.- 2.2 Influencing Sonochemical Reactivity: The Physical Perspectives.- 2.2.1 Introduction.- 2.2.2 Frequency.- 2.2.3 Power Input.- 2.2.4 Bulk Temperature.- 2.2.5 Pressure.- 2.2.6 Ambient Gas.- 2.2.7 Choice of Solvent.- 2.3 The Effects of Ultrasound on Two-phase Systems.- 2.4 Generation of Ultrasound.- 3 Aqueous Sonochemistry.- 4 Preparation of Activated Magnesium.- 5 Preparation of Organoaluminium Compounds.- 6 Application of Ultrasound to the Preparation of Organolithiums.- 6.1 Preparation of Organolithium Reagents.- 6.2 Reactions of Organolithiums with Carbonyl Compounds.- 6.3 Other Reactions of Organolithiums.- 7 Reactions with Other Alkali Metals.- 8 Organozinc Reagents.- 8.1 Preparation of Organozincs.- 8.2 The Reformatskii Reaction.- 8.3 Generation of Allylzinc Reagents.- 8.4 Zinc Mediated Cyclopropanation.- 8.5 Formation of Trialkylzinc Species.- 8.6 Zinc Mediated Perfluoroalkylation.- 8.7 Zinc-mediated Preparation of Reactive Intermediates.- 9 Intercalation Reactions.- 10 The Effects of Ultrasound on Enzyme-Catalysed Reactions.- 11 Ultrasonic Acceleration of Organic Reactions.- 12 Ultrasonic Acceleration of Redox Reactions.- 13 The Effects of Ultrasound on Transition Metal Catalysts.- 14 Transition Metal Carbonyls and Ultrasound.- 15 Conclusion.- 16 References.