The Theory of Laser Materials Processing: Heat and Mass Transfer in Modern Technology

ISBN-13: 9783319859804 / Angielski / Miękka / 2018 / 432 str.

John Dowden; Wolfgang Schulz

Opis

The purpose of this book is to show how general principles afford insight into laser processes. The principles may be from fundamental physical theory or from direct observation, but understanding of the general characteristics of a process is essential.

Spis treści

1 Mathematics in Laser Processing; John Dowden. 1.1 Mathematics and its Application. 1.2 Formulation in Terms of Partial Differential Equations. 1.3 Boundary and Interface Conditions. 1.4 Fick’s Laws. 1.5 Electromagnetism.

2 Simulation of Laser Cutting; Wolfgang Schulz, Markus Nießen, Urs Eppelt and Kerstin Kowalick. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Mathematical Formulation and Analysis. 2.3 Outlook. 2.4 Acknowledgements.

3 Glass Cutting; Wolfgang Schulz. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Phenomenology of Glass Processing with Ultrashort Laser Radiation. 3.3 Modelling the Propagation of Radiation and the Dynamics of Electron Density. 3.4 Radiation Propagation Solved by BPM Methods. 3.5 The Dynamics of Electron Density Described by Rate Equations. 3.6 Properties of the Solution with Regard to Ablation and Damage. 3.7 Electronic Damage versus Thermal Damage. 3.8 Glass Cutting by Direct Ablation or Filamentation?. 3.9 Acknowledgements.

4 Keyhole Welding: the Solid and Liquid Phases ; Alexander Kaplan. 4.1 Heat Generation and Heat Transfer. 4.2 Melt Flow.

5 Laser Keyhole Welding: The Vapour Phase; John Dowden. 5.1 Notation. 5.2 The Keyhole. 5.3 The Keyhole Wall. 5.4 The Role of Convection in the Transfer of Energy to the Keyhole Wall. 5.5 Fluid Flow in the Keyhole. 5.6 Further Aspects of Fluid Flow. 5.7 Electromagnetic Effects.

6 Basic Concepts of Laser Drilling; Wolfgang Schulz and Urs Eppelt. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Technology and Laser Systems. 6.3 Diagnostics and Monitoring for s Pulse Drilling. 6.4 Phenomena of Beam-Matter Interaction. 6.5 Phenomena of the Melt Expulsion Domain. 6.6 Mathematical Formulation of Reduced Models. 6.7 Analysis. 6.8 Outlook. 6.9 Acknowledgements

7 Arc Welding and Hybrid Laser-Arc Welding; Ian Richardson. 7.1 The Structure of the Welding Arc.  7.2 The Arc Electrodes. 7.3 Fluid Flow in the Arc-Generated Weld Pool . 7.4 Unified Arc and Electrode Models. 7.5 Arc Plasma-Laser Interactions. 7.6 Laser-Arc Hybrid Welding.

8 Metallurgy and Imperfections of Welding and Hardening; Alexander Kaplan. 8.1 Thermal Cycle and Cooling Rate. 8.2 Resolidification. 8.3 Metallurgy. 8.4 Imperfections.

9 Laser Cladding; Frank Brückner and Dietrich Lepski. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Beam-Particle Interaction. 9.3 Formation of the Weld Bead. 9.4 Thermal Stress and Distortion. 9.5 Conclusions and Future Work.

10 Laser Forming; Thomas Pretorius. 10.1 History of Thermal Forming. 10.2 Forming Mechanisms. 10.3 Applications.

11 Femtosecond Laser Pulse Interactions with Metals; Bernd Hüttner. 11.1. Introduction. 11.2. What is Different Compared to Longer Pulses? 11.3. Material Properties under Exposure to Femtosecond Laser Pulses. 11.4. Determination of the Electron and Phonon Temperature Distribution. 11.5. Summary and Conclusions.

12 Meta-Modelling and Visualisation of Multi-Dimensional Data for Virtual Production Intelligence; Wolfgang Schulz. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Implementing Virtual Production Intelligence. 12.3 Meta-Modelling Providing Operative Design Tools. 12.4 Meta-Modelling by Smart Sampling with Discontinuous Response. 12.5 Global Sensitivity Analysis and Variance Decomposition. 12.6 Reduced Models and Emulators. 12.7 Summary and Advances in Meta-Modelling.

13 Comprehensive Numerical Simulation of Laser Materials Processing; Markus Gross. 13.1 Motivation – The Pursuit of Ultimate Understanding. 13.2 Review. 13.3 Correlation, the Full Picture. 13.4 Introduction to Numerical Techniques. 13.5 Solution of the Energy Equation and Phase Changes. 13.6 Program Development and Best Practice when Using Analysis Tools. 13.7 Introduction to High Performance Computing. 13.8 Visualisation Tools. 13.9 Summary and Concluding Remarks.

Index.

O autorze

Prof. John Dowden was educated at Bedford School and Cambridge University, UK, where he graduated with a First Class degree in Mathematics in 1962. He became the first student of the new University of Essex obtaining a PhD in Mathematical Oceanography in 1967. He was appointed to the staff of the Mathematics Department of the university and subsequently changed his main research interests to the mathematics and physics of laser technology while retaining interests in mathematically related applications of heat and mass transfer. Before retirement he was Head of the university’s Department of Mathematical Sciences, a member of the Institute of Physics and of the Laser Institute of America. He is still a Fellow of the Institute of Mathematics and its Applications and is now an Emeritus Professor of the University. 

Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Schulz studied physics at Braunschweig University of Technology. He graduated from the Institute for Theoretical Physics and received a postgraduate scholarship in 1986 on the topic of "Hot electrons in metals". In 1987, he accepted an invitation to the department Laser Technology at RWTH Aachen University. He received the "Borchers Medal" award in 1992 in recognition of his PhD thesis. In 1997, he joined the Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology in Aachen and, in 1999, received the "Venia Legendi" in the field "Principles of Continuum Physics applied to Laser Technology". His postdoctoral lecture qualification (habilitation) was awarded with distinction in 1999 with the prize of the Friedrich-Wilhelm Foundation at RWTH Aachen University. Since March 2005, he has represented the newly founded department "Nonlinear Dynamics of Laser Processing" at RWTH Aachen University and is the head of the newly founded department of "Modelling and Simulation" at the Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology in Aachen. Since 2007, he is the coordinator of the Excellence Cluster Domain "Virtual Production" at RWTH Aachen University.

His current work is focused on developing and improving laser systems and their industrial applications by combination of mathematical, physical and experimental methods. In particular, he applies the principles of optics, continuum physics and thermodynamics to analyse the phenomena involved in laser processing. The mathematical objectives are modelling, analysis and dynamical simulation of Free Boundary Problems, which are systems of nonlinear partial differential equations. Analytical and numerical methods for model reduction are developed and applied. The mathematical analysis yields approximate dynamical systems of small dimensions in the phase space and is based on asymptotic properties such as the existence of inertial manifolds.

Blurb

The revised edition of this important reference volume presents an expanded overview of the analytical and numerical approaches employed when exploring and developing modern laser materials processing techniques. The book shows how general principles can be used to obtain insight into laser processes, whether derived from fundamental physical theory or from direct observation of experimental results. The book gives readers an understanding of the strengths and limitations of simple numerical and analytical models that can then be used as the starting-point for more elaborate models of specific practical, theoretical or commercial value.

Following an introduction to the mathematical formulation of some relevant classes of physical ideas, the core of the book consists of chapters addressing key applications in detail: cutting, keyhole welding, drilling, arc and hybrid laser-arc welding, hardening, cladding and forming. The second edition includes a new a chapter on glass cutting with lasers, as employed in the display industry.

A further addition is a chapter on meta-modelling, whose purpose is to construct fast, simple and reliable models based on appropriate sources of information. It then makes it easy to explore data visually and is a convenient interactive tool for scientists to improve the quality of their models and for developers when designing their processes. As in the first edition, the book ends with an updated introduction to comprehensive numerical simulation.

Although the book focuses on laser interactions with materials, many of the principles and methods explored can be applied to thermal modelling in a variety of different fields and at different power levels. It is aimed principally however at academic and industrial researchers and developers in the field of laser technology.