The Technology of Vitamins in Food

ISBN-13: 9781461358893 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 270 str.

P. Berry Ottaway; P. Berry Ottaway

Opis

The roleofvitamins inhuman nutrition is an importantaspectofnutrition and food science, and our knowledge in this area is still advancing. Over the last few years there has been a considerable consumer awareness ofnutrition and healthy eating which has been enhanced by numerous articles in the media and by nutritional labellingon products. As aconsequence, the food industry has hadtobecomemore concernedwiththenutritional valueofproductsandthemaintenanceofguaranteed micronutrient levels. While the food industry has the responsibility ofproducing foods that provide a realistic supply ofnutrients, including vitamins, it is now also required to offer products with ahigh degree ofconvenience and long shelflives. Vitamins are a group of chemical compounds which are relatively unstable. They are affected by a number of factors such as heat, light and other food components and also by the processes needed to preserve the food or to convert it into consumer products (e.g. pasteurisation, sterilisation, extrusion, irradiation, etc.). The result ofthese interactions may be a partial or total loss ofthe vitamins. Food technology is concerned with both the maintenance ofvitamin levels in foods and the restoration of the vitamin content to foods where losses have occurred. In addition, foods designed for special nutritional purposes such as baby and infantfoods and slimming foods need to be enriched or fortified with vitamins and other micronutrients. In addition to being essential nutrients, some vitamins have an important role astechnological additives infoods andcanbefound acting as colours, antioxidants and texture improvers.

Spis treści

1 Biological functions of vitamins.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Retinol (vitamin A) and the provitamin carotenoids.- 1.3 Vitamin D.- 1.4 Vitamin E (tocopherol).- 1.5 Vitamin K.- 1.6 Thiamin.- 1.7 Riboflavin.- 1.8 Pyridoxin.- 1.9 Niacin.- 1.10 Vitamin B12.- 1.11 Folates.- 1.12 Pantothenic acid.- 1.13 Biotin.- 1.14 Taurine and choline.- 1.15 Carnitine.- 1.16 Ascorbic acid.- 1.17 Other organic trace constituents of food.- 1.18 Vitamins and ‘free radical’ damage.- Further reading.- 2 Natural occurrence of vitamins in food.- 2.1 Fat soluble vitamins and carotenoids.- 2.1.1 Vitamin A and the carotenoids.- 2.1.2 Determination of vitamin A in foods.- 2.1.3 Natural sources of retinoids and carotenoids.- 2.1.4 Vitamin D.- 2.1.5 Vitamin E.- 2.1.6 Vitamin K.- 2.2 Water soluble vitamins.- 2.2.1 Thiamin.- 2.2.2 Riboflavin.- 2.2.3 Niacin.- 2.2.4 Vitamin B6.- 2.2.5 Vitamin B12.- 2.2.6 Pantothenic acid.- 2.2.7 Biotin.- 2.2.8 Folic acid.- 2.2.9 Vitamin C.- References.- 3 Nutritional aspects of vitamins.- 3.1 Vitamin deficiency diseases.- 3.1.1 Introduction.- 3.1.2 Fat soluble vitamins.- 3.1.3 Water soluble vitamins: the vitamin B-complex.- 3.1.4 Water soluble vitamins: vitamin C.- 3.2 Recommended daily allowances.- 3.2.1 Introduction.- 3.2.2 International concepts of the function of RDAs/RDIs.- 3.3 Safety.- 3.3.1 Introduction.- 3.3.2 Issues.- 3.3.3 Attitudes.- 3.3.4 Need.- 3.3.5 Adventitious acquisition.- 3.3.6 Safety and RDAs (DRVs).- 3.3.7 Need and consumption.- 3.3.8 Possible guidelines for safety.- References.- 4 Industrial production.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.1.1 History.- 4.1.2 Current situation.- 4.1.3 Future production.- 4.2 Vitamin production.- 4.2.1 Vitamin A.- 4.2.2 Provitamin A: ß-carotene.- 4.2.3 Vitamin B1: thiamine.- 4.2.4 Vitamin B2: riboflavin.- 4.2.5 Niacin.- 4.2.6 Pantothenic acid.- 4.2.7 Vitamin B6: pyridoxine.- 4.2.8 Folic acid.- 4.2.9 Vitamin B12.- 4.2.10 Vitamin C.- 4.2.11 Vitamin D.- 4.2.12 Vitamin E: ?-tocopherols.- 4.2.13 Vitamin F group.- 4.2.14 Biotin (vitamin H).- 4.2.15 Vitamin K.- References.- 5 Stability of vitamins in food.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Fat soluble vitamins.- 5.2.1 Vitamin A.- 5.2.2 Vitamin E.- 5.2.3 Vitamin D.- 5.2.4 Vitamin K.- 5.2.5 ?-carotene (provitamin A).- 5.3 Water soluble vitamins.- 5.3.1 Thiamin (vitamin B1).- 5.3.2 Riboflavin (vitamin B2).- 5.3.3 Niacin.- 5.3.4 Pantothenic acid.- 5.3.5 Folic acid.- 5.3.6 Pyridoxine (vitamin B6).- 5.3.7 Vitamin B12.- 5.3.8 Biotin.- 5.3.9 Vitamin C.- 5.4 Vitamin—vitamin interactions.- 5.4.1 Ascorbic acid—folic acid.- 5.4.2 Ascorbic acid—vitamin B12.- 5.4.3 Thiamin—folic acid.- 5.4.4 Thiamin—vitamin B12.- 5.4.5 Riboflavin—thiamin.- 5.4.6 Riboflavin—folic acid.- 5.4.7 Riboflavin—ascorbic acid.- 5.4.8 Other interactions.- 5.5 Processing losses.- 5.5.1 Vegetables and fruits.- 5.5.2 Meat.- 5.5.3 Milk.- 5.6 Irradiation.- 5.7 Food product shelf life.- 5.8 Protection of vitamins.- References.- 6 Vitamin fortification of foods (specific applications).- 6.1 Addition of vitamins to foods.- 6.1.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Beverages.- 6.2.1 Vitiminisation of instant beverages.- 6.2.2 Vitiminisation of concentrates, nectars and juice drinks.- 6.2.3 Vitamin stability.- 6.2.4 Vitamin incorporation.- 6.3 Cereal products.- 6.3.1 Breakfast cereals.- 6.3.2 Bread.- 6.3.3 Pasta.- 6.4 Dairy products.- 6.4.1 Milk.- 6.4.2 Yoghurt.- 6.4.3 Ice cream.- 6.4.4 Margarine.- 6.5 Confectionery.- 6.5.1 Hard boiled candies.- 6.5.2 Chocolate.- 6.5.3 Fondant.- 6.5.4 Marshmallows.- 6.5.5 Pectin jellies.- 6.5.6 Starchjellies.- 6.5.7 Chewing gum.- References.- 7 Vitamins as food additives.- 7.1 Ascorbic acid (vitamin C).- 7.1.1 Properties.- 7.1.2 Fruit, vegetables and fruit juices.- 7.1.3 Soft drinks.- 7.1.4 Beer.- 7.1.5 Wine.- 7.1.6 Flour and bread.- 7.1.7 Pasta.- 7.1.8 Meat processing.- 7.2 Carotenoids (provitamins A).- 7.2.1 Properties.- 7.2.2 Fat based foods.- 7.2.3 Water based foods.- 7.3 Riboflavin (vitamin B2).- 7.4 Niacin.- 7.5 dl-?-tocopherol (vitamin E).- 7.5.1 Oils and fats.- References.- 8 Vitamin analysis in foods.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.1.1 Laboratory environment.- 8.2 Oil soluble vitamins.- 8.2.1 Vitamin D.- 8.2.2 Vitamin A.- 8.2.3 Provitamin A carotenoids.- 8.2.4 Vitamin E.- 8.3 The B-group vitamins.- 8.3.1 Microbiological assays.- 8.3.2 Thiamin—vitamin B1.- 8.3.3 Riboflavin—vitamin B2.- 8.3.4 Niacin.- 8.3.5 Vitamin B6.- 8.3.6 Folates.- 8.3.7 Vitamin B12.- 8.3.8 Pantothenic acid.- 8.3.9 Biotin.- 8.4 Vitamin C.- 8.4.1 Introduction.- 8.4.2 Extraction of vitamin C.- 8.4.3 Determination of vitamin C.- 8.4.4 Summary.- References.- 9 Food fortification.- 9.1 General policies for nutrient additions.- 9.2 Legislation concerning addition of nutrients to foods.- 9.2.1 Food for special dietary uses.- 9.2.2 Foods having lost nutrients during manufacture.- 9.2.3 Food resembling a common food.- 9.2.4 Staple foods.- 9.3 Claims for nutrients and labelling of fortified foods.- 9.4 Restrictive regulations and policies on health claims.- 9.5 The stability of vitamins.- 9.6 Additions of iron sources to foods and drinks.- 9.7 Communicating nutrition.- 9.8 Conclusion.- References.- Appendix 1: Chemical and physical characteristics of vitamins.- Appendix 2: Recommended nutrient reference values for food labelling purposes.