The Science and Engineering of Thermal Spray Coatings

ISBN-13: 9780471490494 / Angielski / Twarda / 2008 / 656 str.

Lech Pawlowski

Opis

This extensively updated and revised version builds on the success of the first edition featuring new discoveries in powder technology, spraying techniques, new coatings applications and testing techniques for coatings -- Many new spray techniques are considered that did not exist when the first edition was published The book begins with coverage of materials used, pre-spray treatment, and the techniques used. It then leads into the physics and chemistry of spraying and discusses coatings build-up. Characterization methods and the properties of the applied coatings are presented, and the book concludes with a lengthy chapters on thermal spray applications covers such areas as the aeronautics and space, automobiles, ceramics, chemicals, civil engineering, decorative coatings, electronics, energy generation and transport, iron and steel, medicine, mining and the nuclear industries.

Spis treści

Preface to the Second Edition.

Preface to the First Edition.

Acronyms, Abbreviations and Symbols.

1 Materials Used for Spraying.

1.1 Methods of Powders Production.

1.1.1 Atomization.

1.1.2 Sintering or Fusion.

1.1.3 Spray Drying (Agglomeration).

1.1.4 Cladding.

1.1.5 Mechanical Alloying (Mechanofusion).

1.1.6 Self–propagating High–temperature Synthesis (SHS).

1.1.7 Other Methods.

1.2 Methods of Powders Characterization.

1.2.1 Grain Size.

1.2.2 Chemical and Phase Composition.

1.2.3 Internal and External Morphology.

1.2.4 High–temperature Behaviour.

1.2.5 Apparent Density and Flowability.

1.3 Feeding, Transport and Injection of Powders.

1.3.1 Powder Feeders.

1.3.2 Transport of Powders.

1.3.3 Injection of Powders.

References.

2 Pre–Spray Treatment.

2.1 Introduction.

2.2 Surface Cleaning.

2.3 Substrate Shaping.

2.4 Surface Activation.

2.5 Masking.

References.

3 Thermal Spraying Techniques.

3.1 Introduction.

3.2 Flame Spraying (FS).

3.2.1 History.

3.2.2 Principles.

3.2.3 Process Parameters.

3.2.4 Coating Properties.

3.3 Atmospheric Plasma Spraying (APS).

3.3.1 History.

3.3.2 Principles.

3.3.3 Process Parameters.

3.3.4 Coating Properties.

3.4 Arc Spraying (AS).

3.4.1 Principles.

3.4.2 Process Parameters.

3.4.3 Coating Properties.

3.5 Detonation–Gun Spraying (D–GUN).

3.5.1 History.

3.5.2 Principles.

3.5.3 Process Parameters.

3.5.4 Coating Properties.

3.6 High–Velocity Oxy–Fuel (HVOF) Spraying.

3.6.1 History.

3.6.2 Principles.

3.6.3 Process Parameters.

3.6.4 Coating Properties.

3.7 Vacuum Plasma Spraying (VPS).

3.7.1 History.

3.7.2 Principles.

3.7.3 Process Parameters.

3.7.4 Coating Properties.

3.8 Controlled–Atmosphere Plasma Spraying (CAPS).

3.8.1 History.

3.8.2 Principles.

3.8.3 Process Parameters.

3.8.4 Coating Properties.

3.9 Cold–Gas Spraying Method (CGSM).

3.9.1 History.

3.9.2 Principles.

3.9.3 Process Parameters.

3.9.4 Coating Properties.

3.10 New Developments in Thermal Spray Techniques.

References.

4 Post–Spray Treatment.

4.1 Heat Treatment.

4.1.1 Electromagnetic Treatment.

4.1.2 Furnace Treatment.

4.1.3 Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP).

4.1.4 Combustion Flame Re–melting.

4.2 Impregnation.

4.2.1 Inorganic Sealants.

4.2.2 Organic Sealants.

4.3 Finishing.

4.3.1 Grinding.

4.3.2 Polishing and Lapping.

References.

5 Physics and Chemistry of Thermal Spraying.

5.1 Jets and Flames.

5.1.1 Properties of Jets and Flames.

5.2 Momentum Transfer between Jets or Flames and Sprayed Particles.

5.2.1 Theoretical Description.

5.2.2 Experimental Determination of Sprayed Particles Velocities.

5.2.3 Examples of Experimental Determination of Particles Velocities.

5.3 Heat Transfer between Jets or Flames and Sprayed Particles.

5.3.1 Theoretical Description.

5.3.2 Methods of Particles Temperature Measurements.

5.4 Chemical Modification at Flight of Sprayed Particles.

References.

6 Coating Build–Up.

6.1 Impact of Particles.

6.1.1 Particle Deformation.

6.1.2 Particle Temperature at Impact.

6.1.3 Nucleation, Solidification and Crystal Growth.

6.1.4 Mechanisms of Adhesion.

6.2 Coating Growth.

6.2.1 Mechanism of Coating Growth.

6.2.2 Temperature of Coatings at Spraying.

6.2.3 Generation of Thermal Stresses at Spraying.

6.2.4 Coatings Surfaces.

6.3 Microstructure of the Coatings.

6.3.1 Crystal Phase Composition.

6.3.2 Coatings Inhomogeneity.

6.3.3 Final Microstructure of Sprayed Coatings.

6.4 Thermally Sprayed Composites.

6.4.1 Classification of Sprayed Composites.

6.4.2 Composite Coating Manufacturing.

References.

7 Methods of Coatings Characterization.

7.1 Methods of Microstructure Characterization.

7.1.1 Methods of Chemical Analysis.

7.1.2 Crystallographic Analyses.

7.1.3 Microstructure Analyses.

7.1.4 Other Applied Methods.

7.2 Mechanical Properties of Coatings.

7.2.1 Adhesion Determination.

7.2.2 Hardness and Microhardness.

7.2.3 Elastic Moduli, Strength and Ductility.

7.2.4 Properties Related to Mechanics of Coating Fracture.

7.2.5 Friction and Wear.

7.2.6 Residual Stresses.

7.3 Physical Properties of Coatings.

7.3.1 Thickness, Porosity and Density.

7.3.2 Thermophysical Properties.

7.3.3 Thermal Shock Resistance.

7.4 Electrical Properties of Coatings.

7.4.1 Electrical Conductivity.

7.4.2 Properties of Dielectrics.

7.4.3 Electron Emission from Surfaces.

7.5 Magnetic Properties of Coatings.

7.6 Chemical Properties of Coatings.

7.6.1 Aqueous Corrosion.

7.6.2 Hot–gas Corrosion.

7.7 Characterization of Coatings Quality.

7.7.1 Acoustical Methods.

7.7.2 Thermal Methods.

References.

8 Properties of Coatings.

8.1 Design of Experiments.

8.2 Mechanical Properties.

8.2.1 Hardness and Microhardness.

8.2.2 Tensile Adhesion Strength.

8.2.3 Elastic Moduli, Strengths and Fracture Toughness.

8.2.4 Friction and Wear.

8.3 Thermophysical Properties.

8.3.1 Thermal Conductivity and Diffusivity.

8.3.2 Specific Heat.

8.3.3 Thermal Expansion.

8.3.4 Emissivity.

8.3.5 Thermal Shock Resistance.

8.4 Electric Properties.

8.4.1 Properties of Conductors.

8.4.2 Properties of Resistors.

8.4.3 Properties of Dielectrics.

8.4.4 Electric Field Emitters.

8.4.5 Properties of Superconductors.

8.5 Magnetic Properties.

8.5.1 Soft Magnets.

8.5.2 Hard Magnets.

8.6 Optical Properties.

8.6.1 Decorative Coatings.

8.6.2 Optically Functional Coatings.

8.7 Corrosion Resistance.

8.7.1 Aqueous Corrosion.

8.7.2 Hot–medium Corrosion.

References.

9 Applications of Coatings.

9.1 Aeronautical and Space Industries.

9.1.1 Aero–engines.

9.1.2 Landing–gear Components.

9.1.3 Rocket Thrust–chamber Liners.

9.2 Agroalimentary Industry.

9.3 Automobile Industry.

9.4 Ceramics Industry.

9.4.1 Free–standing Samples.

9.4.2 Brick Clay Extruders.

9.4.3 Crucibles to Melt Oxide Ceramics.

9.4.4 Ceramic Membranes.

9.5 Chemical Industry.

9.5.1 Photocatalytic Surfaces.

9.5.2 Tools in Petrol Search Installations.

9.5.3 Vessels in Chemical Refineries.

9.5.4 Gas–well Tubing.

9.5.5 Polymeric Coatings on Pipeline Components.

9.5.6 Ozonizer Tubes.

9.6 Civil Engineering.

9.7 Decorative Coatings.

9.8 Electronics Industry.

9.8.1 Heaters.

9.8.2 Sources for Sputtering.

9.8.3 Substrates for Hybrid Microelectronics.

9.8.4 Capacitor Electrodes.

9.8.5 Conductor Paths for Hybrid Electronics.

9.8.6 Microwave Integrated Circuits.

9.9 Energy Generation and Transport.

9.9.1 Solid–oxide Fuel Cell (SOFCs).

9.9.2 Thermopile Devices for Thermoelectric Generators.

9.9.3 Boilers in Power–generation Plants.

9.9.4 Stationary Gas Turbines.

9.9.5 Hydropower Stations.

9.9.6 MHD Generators.

9.10 Iron and Steel Industries.

9.10.1 Continuous Annealing Line (CAL).

9.10.2 Continuous Galvanizing Section.

9.10.3 Stave Cooling Pipes.

9.11 Machine Building Industry.

9.12 Medicine.

9.13 Mining Industry.

9.14 Non–ferrous Metal Industry.

9.14.1 Hot–extrusion Dies.

9.14.2 Protective Coatings against Liquid Copper.

9.14.3 Protective Coatings against Liquid Zirconium.

9.15 Nuclear Industry.

9.15.1 Components of Tokamak Device.

9.15.2 Magnetic–fusion Energy Device.

9.16 Paper Industry.

9.16.1 Dryers.

9.16.2 Gloss Calender Rolls.

9.16.3 Tubing in Boilers.

9.17 Printing and Packaging Industries.

9.17.1 Corona Rolls.

9.17.2 Anilox Rolls.

9.18 Shipbuiding and Naval Industries.

9.18.1 Marine Gas–turbine Engines.

9.18.2 Steam Valve Stems.

9.18.3 Non–skid Helicopter Flight Deck.

References.

Index.

Blurb

Thermal spraying has become the most versatile coating method in materials engineering. This text describes the state of art o f this technology in a logical way: starting from the feedstock used to spray and the methods of manufacturing, u to the present and potential future industrial applications of sprayed coatings. The book, based on then successful first edition published in 1995, describes new topics in thermal spray technology such as nanostructured deposits, the cold spray method, advanced mathematical methods of process modelling, and many others. This entirely rewritten new edition also covers the advanced methods of coatings characterization and their different mechanical, electrical, physical and chemical properties.

Converge includes:

• Methods of powder manufacturing including emerging methods of high temperature synthesis, their characterization and the problems related to the transport and injection of a powder into a jet or flame.
• The technical basis of the coating preparation processes, including pre–spray treatment of a substrate with the methods of surface activation by sand blasting, laser ablation and water jet and the methods of masking the elected areas of the coated surface.
• The physics and chemistry of thermal spraying and the metallurgy of coating formation as well as a discussion on coating build–up from the individual particles.
• The methods of coatings characterization such as advanced microstructural investigations including scanning electron microscope; X–ray diffraction; transmission electron microscope; mercury intrusion porosimetry, etc.
• Application of castings in numerous industrial sectors such as aeronautics, automobiles, chemicals and mechanical engineering, including the status of research of emerging applications in electronic and energy generating sectors.

This book is addressed to graduate and PhD students wishing to familiarize themselves with thermal spraying. Professionals working in the area will find it useful as a reminder of the scientific fundamentals of the deposition process, whilst academic and industrial researchers will find up–to–de information on the most important research areas of this rapidly growing field.