The Real Projective Plane

ISBN-13: 9781461276470 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 227 str.

H. S. M. Coxeter; G. Beck

Opis

Along with many small improvements, this revised edition contains van Yzeren's new proof of Pascal's theorem (1.7) and, in Chapter 2, an improved treatment of order and sense. The Sylvester-Gallai theorem, instead of being introduced as a curiosity, is now used as an essential step in the theory of harmonic separation (3.34). This makes the logi- cal development self-contained: the footnotes involving the References (pp. 214-216) are for comparison with earlier treatments, and to give credit where it is due, not to fill gaps in the argument. H.S.M.C. November 1992 v Preface to the Second Edition Why should one study the real plane? To this question, put by those who advocate the complex plane, or geometry over a general field, I would reply that the real plane is an easy first step. Most of the prop- erties are closely analogous, and the real field has the advantage of intuitive accessibility. Moreover, real geometry is exactly what is needed for the projective approach to non- Euclidean geometry. Instead of introducing the affine and Euclidean metrics as in Chapters 8 and 9, we could just as well take the locus of 'points at infinity' to be a conic, or replace the absolute involution by an absolute polarity.

Spis treści

1. A Comparison of Various Kinds of Geometry.- 1·1 Introduction.- 1·2 Parallel projection.- 1·3 Central projection.- 1·4 The line at infinity.- 1·5 Desargues’s two-triangle theorem.- 1·6 The directed angle, or cross.- 1·7 Hexagramma mysticum.- 1·8 An outline of subsequent work.- 2. Incidence.- 1·1 Primitive concepts.- 2·2 The axioms of incidence.- 2·3 The principle of duality.- 2·4 Quadrangle and quadrilateral.- 2·5 Harmonic conjugacy.- 2·6 Ranges and pencils.- 2·7 Perspectivity.- 2·8 The invariance and symmetry of the harmonic relation.- 3. Order and Continuity.- 3·1 The axioms of order.- 3·2 Segment and interval.- 3·3 Sense.- 3·4 Ordered correspondence.- 3·5 Continuity.- 3·6 Invariant points.- 3·7 Order in a pencil.- 3·8 The four regions determined by a triangle.- 4. One-Dimensional Projectivities.- 4·1 Projectivity.- 4·2 The fundamental theorem of projective geometry.- 4·3 Pappus’s theorem.- 4·4 Classification of projectivities.- 4·5 Periodic projectivities.- 4·6 Involution.- 4·7 Quadrangular set of six points.- 4·8 Projective pencils.- 5. Two-Dimensional Projectivities.- 5·1 Collineation.- 5·2 Perspective collineation.- 5·3 Involutory collineation.- 5·4 Correlation.- 5·5 Polarity.- 5·6 Polar and self-polar triangles.- 5·7 The self-polarity of the Desargues configuration.- 5·8 Pencil and range of polarities.- 5·9 Degenerate polarities.- 6. Conics.- 6·1 Historial remarks.- 6·2 Elliptic and hyperbolic polarities.- 6·3 How a hyperbolic polarity determines a conic.- 6·4 Conjugate points and conjugate lines.- 6·5 Two possible definitions for a conic.- 6·6 Construction for the conic through five given points.- 6·7 Two triangles inscribed in a conic.- 6·8 Pencils of conics.- 7. Projectivities on a Conic.- 7·1 Generalized perspectivity.- 7·2 Pascal and Brianchon.- 7·3 Construction for a projectivity on a conic.- 7·4 Construction for the invariant points of a given hyperbolic projectivity.- 7·5 Involution on a conic.- 7·6 A generalization of Steiner’s construction.- 7·7 Trilinear polarity.- 8. Affine Geometry.- 8·1 Parallelism.- 8·2 Intermediacy.- 8·3 Congruence.- 8·4 Distance.- 8·5 Translation and dilatation.- 8·6 Area.- 8·7 Classification of conics.- 8·8 Conjugate diameters.- 8·9 Asymptotes.- 8·10 Affine transformations and the Erlangen programme.- 9. Euclidean Geometry.- 9·1 Perpendicularity.- 9·2 Circles.- 9·3 Axes of a conic.- 9·4 Congruent segments.- 9·5 Congruent angles.- 9·6 Congruent transformations.- 9·7 Foci.- 9·8 Directrices.- 10. Continuity.- 10·1 An improved axiom of continuity.- 10·2 Proving Archimedes’ axiom.- 10·3 Proving the line to be perfect.- 10·4 The fundamental theorem of projective geometry.- 10·5 Proving Dedekind’s axiom.- 10·6 Enriques’s theorem.- 11. The Introduction of Coordinates.- 11·1 Addition of points.- 11·2 Multiplication of points.- 11·3 Rational points.- 11·4 Projectivities.- 11·5 The one-dimensional continuum.- 11·6 Homogeneous coordinates.- 11·7 Proof that a line has a linear equation.- 11·8 Line coordinates.- 12. The Use of Coordinates.- 12·1 Consistency and categoricalness.- 12·2 Analytic geometry.- 12·3 Verifying the axioms of incidence.- 12·4 Verifying the axioms of order and continuity.- 12·5 The general collineation.- 12·6 The general polarity.- 12·7 Conies.- 12·8 The affine plane: affine and areal coordinates.- 12·9 The Euclidean plane: Cartesian and trilinear coordinates.